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International Bareboat Skipper > Sailing and Boat Handling > Flashcards

Sailing and Boat Handling Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 parts of a sail

A
  1. Head
  2. Tack
  3. Clew
  4. Leech
  5. Luff
  6. Foot
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2
Q

Standing Rigging

A

Is the fixed parts of the rigging that hold the mast in place. They include the following:

  • Forestay
  • Backstay
  • Sidestays
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3
Q

Running Rigging

A

Refers to the lines and sheets that adjust the angle of the sails to the wind

  • Most modern sailing yachts use what is called a “Bermudan Rig” or “Sloop Rig” where the sails are triangular in shape.
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4
Q

What are the 3 corners of a Sail?

A
  • The top corner of the sail is the head
  • The bottom corner of the leading edge or forward edge of the sail is the tack
  • The rear corner is the clew
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5
Q

What are the 3 sides of the sail?

A
  • The leading edge is the luff
  • The back edge is the leech
  • The bottom of the sail is the foot
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6
Q

When does a “jib” become a “genoa”

A

As soon as the clew of the sail passes the mast

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7
Q

Name the 4 points of sail

A
  • Head to Wind
  • Close Hauled
  • Close Reaching
  • Beam Reaching
  • Broad Reaching
  • Running
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8
Q

What is a 120% genoa?

A
  • A 120% genoa means that 20% of the sail is past the mast
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9
Q

What is the “No Go Zone”

A
  • The closest to the wind a boat can efficient sail is about 40 degrees either side of the winds direction, effectively this area is a “no go zone”
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10
Q

Tacking

A

To tack or “go about” the vessel changes from one tack to the other by steering the bow through the wind

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11
Q

Gybing

A

To go further away from the wind, the wind must pass across the stern of the boat. This called a “gybe”; that is to let the sails change sides by putting the stern through the wind.

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12
Q

Close hauled

A
  • Sailing as close to the wind as possible
  • The sails themselves will be sheeted in tight (pulled in). The sails are brought in as close to the centerline of the boat as possible.
  • Usually a relative bearing of 1 o’clock or 11 o’clock
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13
Q

How does the helmsman establish the closets point to the wind?

A
  • As the helmsman turns the boat upwind, watches the front edge, or luff, of the headsail until is starts to flutter. This is called “luffing”; once he sees this happening he should ease gently away from the wind.
  • If he turns further upwind then the whole sail will start to flog back and forth and eventually the yatch will stall and come to a stop.
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14
Q

Close reach

A
  • As the boat moves away from the wind, or bears away, the sails will be let out a little and the point of sail becomes “close reach”
  • The wind is coming from ahead of the boat with a relative bearing of 2 o’clock or 10 o’clock
  • The basic idea is to let the sails out until they luff (flap) then bring them in just to the point on no longer luffing
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15
Q

Beam reach

A
  • Closer to the true wind than a beam reach but but below a close hauled.
  • The wind is coming across the boat at a right angle to the centerline.
  • The relative bearing would be 3 o’clock or 9’o’clock.
  • The sails will be about half way out at this stage.
  • This is the most comfortable and controllable point of sail.
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16
Q

“Dead Run”

“Running”

A
  • The wind is blowing directly from astern
  • This puts the boat directly downwind and the sails will be at right angles to the centreline of the boat.
  • The wind is at a relative bearing of 6 o’clock
  • You want to expose as much sail area as possible however the standing rigging on most boats will not allow the mainsail our far enough.
  • The mainsail should be let out to the point just before the sail touchs any rigging (so as to prevent chafe) then tension the voom vang to bring the boom down
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17
Q

Broad reach

A
  • Further away from the wind than a beam reach but above a run
  • The wind is over one of our back shoulders
  • At a relative bearing of 4 o’clock and 8o’clock
  • The sails should be about 2/3rds out
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18
Q

Starboard Tack

A
  • Is when the wind comes over the starboard side of the boat
  • The sailboat on a starboard tack is the stand-on vessel
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19
Q

Port Tack

A
  • Is when the wind comes over the port side
  • The sailboat that is on a port tack is the “Give-way” vessel
  • When a boat gives way in general it should turn starboard
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20
Q

Shackles

A
  • Are a “U” shaped device for attaching a halyard to a sail.
  • They come in 3 basic forms. the most common is the screw-in pin. Some have a captive pin which is pushed and turned or a snap shackle which is operated by pulling a pin
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21
Q

Blocks

A
  • Wheels that are groved to take rope.
  • Rigging a line through a series of blocks gives a mechanical advantage allowing line under load to be more easily handled.
  • For example blocks are usually used on a sailing vessel fro the main sheet.
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22
Q

Cam cleats

A
  • Used for securing a line under load but that can be quickly and easily released
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23
Q

Rope clutche

A
  • Used for securing a line under load but that can be quickly and easily released
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24
Q

Jam Cleat

A
  • Used for securing a line under load but that can be quickly and easily released
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25
Q

Mainsheet Traveller

A
  • Used to adjust the angle of the mainsail to the wind by moving the boom to port or starboard
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26
Q

Boom Topping Lift

A
  • Is used to secure the boom in position above deck when the mainsail has been furled.
  • When the mainsail is raised on a sloop, the sail itself holds up the boom.
  • The mainsheet (and optionally, a boom vang) pulls down on the boom, along with gravity, the sail is pulled taut.
  • When the sail is lowered the topping lift on most sailboats holds up the boom. Otherwise the boom would fall down into the cockpit.
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27
Q

Topping Lift Properly Eased

A
  • When the mainsail is fully raised or reefed, the topping lift should be just loose enough so that the boom pulls the sails taut.
  • The boom pulls down on the sail rather than against the topping lift. This allows for the mainsail to achieve a good shape and to be trimmed well for sailing at different points of sail.
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28
Q

What are two situations when you would tighten the topping lift?

A
  • When you about to lower the mainsail you can tighten the topping lift to hold the boom up higher out of the way.
  • In preparation for reefing the mainsail. Tightening the topping lift provides more slack in the sail itself, making it easier to lower the sail part way and secure the reef.
  • After reefing however it is neccessary to loosen the topping lift so that the weight of the boom pulls the sail tight.
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29
Q

Mainsheet

A
  • Used to adjust the tension of the mainsail relevant to the wind direction
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30
Q

What are the dangers associated with winches?

A
  • Crushed fingers
  • Jewelry such as rings and necklaces should be removed when operating a winch
31
Q

Name 5 different types of sails

A
  1. Mainsail
  2. Jib
  3. Genoa
  4. Spinnaker
  5. Trysail
32
Q

Trysail

A
  • In stormy weather a trysail may be used instead of a mainsail.
  • It is a very strong sail made of very thick canvas specifically designed for bad weather
  • It has a reduced surface area
33
Q

What are the two main categories of spinnakers?

A

Symmetric and Asymmetric

34
Q

What are Asymmetric Spinnakers?

A
  • Multi-purpose spinnakers which operate more like a jib, generating lift from the side, rather than the top like the symmetric spinnaker.
  • They are a better choice for “reaching” than symmetrical spinnakers, which excell at running downwind.
  • Cruising boats almost always use asymmetric spinnakers whereas racing boats will carry several different types of spinnakers to hit all of the points of sail
35
Q

What are 3 types of spinnaker design?

A
  • Radial Head
  • Horizontal
  • Tri-Radial
36
Q

Radial Head Spinnaker

A
  • Lighter weather sail
37
Q

Tri-Radial Spinnaker

A
  • A combination of the three types of spinnakers and is the most universal of them, with good handling and power characteristics
38
Q

At what wind speed should you reduce sail?

A

15 knots

39
Q

Roller Reefing

A
  • Where boats are equipped with a roller reefing system, it is possible duringheavey weather to reduce the sail area by rolling the headsail or the mainsail.
40
Q

Slab Reefing (Jiffy Reefing)

A
  • “Reefing” the mainsail is lowering the mainsail partially to reduce its size when the wind strenth increases to reduce heeling or capsizing.
41
Q

What is the difference between a Skipper and a Captain?

A
  • A Skipper is generally referred to as someone who is in command of a recreational vessel or “pleasure craft” and is not paid for his services.
  • A Captain is generally someone who is in charge of a commercial vessel and is paid for his services including the command of commercial Yachts such as Superyachts
42
Q

What are the responsibilities of a “Skipper”

A
  • Legally responsible for the operation and safety of the vessel, its crew and guests
  • Obligated by law to render assistance to any vessel (or mariner) that is in distress
  • Cooperate with police at all times and render assistance when asked
  • Responsible for ensuring the boat is seaworthy before leaving dock
  • Should be qualified to command the type and size of vessel being operated
  • Following all rules and regulations
  • Avoid polution at all costs
  • Responsible for all fuel burning devices on board and know what to do in case of fire
43
Q

Common Courtesy

A
  • Use common sense in marinas and anchorage. Keep stereos, noise etc… to a reasonable level
  • Reduce engine speed/noise wheare applicable, stay clear of divers, swimmers, kayaks
  • Be aware of local hazards
  • Pay attention to posted speed limits
  • Slow down in limited restricted visibility
44
Q

Crew Responsibilities

A
  • Posting a lookout or watch responsibilities
  • Log navigational information
  • Preparation of meals
  • General housekeeping
  • General maintenance and repairs
45
Q

Duty of Care

A

The Skipper of a yacht is required to provide a reasonable duty of care for his crew

  • Competent crew to operate vessel
  • Necessary safety equipment such as life raft, flares, fire extinguisher
  • A safe vessel (safe access, lighting, fencing of opening, ventilation)
  • A safe system of work
46
Q

What is the minimum Safey Equipment for a vessel 9 - 12 m ( 29’6” - 39’4”)?

A

​Pesonal Life-Saving Appliances

  • A lifejacket or PFD of appropriate size for each person onboard
  • A buoyant heaving line of not less than 15 m
  • A lifebuoy attached to a buoyant line of not less than 15 m
  • One reboarding device

Vessel Safety

  • ​An anchor and not less than 30 m of cable, rope or chain
  • A manual bilge pump or bilge pumping arrangements

Vessel signals

  • A watertight flashlight
  • Twvelve pyrotechnic distress signals, not more than six of which are smoke signals

Navigation

  • A sound signalling appliance or device
  • Navigation lights
  • One magnetic compass
  • One radar reflector

Fire Fighting

  • A 10B:C Fire extinguisher
47
Q

Criminal Code Canada

Operating a boat under the influence of alcohol

A

$600.00 fine and prohibition from operating a boat for up to 3 years

48
Q

Compliance Notice

A

Shows that the pleasure craft was in compliance with the construction requirements at the time the pleasure craft was built or imported ( the latest of the two).

49
Q

Hull Identification Number

A
  • Must be marked on the outside of the transom, starboard side or as close as possible to this.
  • The HIN is 12 digits long and must be no less than 6 mm in height and width
50
Q

Pleasure Craft License

A
  • A pleasure craft license is a document that contains a set of ID numbers that must be displayed on your vessel for identification purposes. It applies to all vessels with a motor of 10 hp or more.
  • A pleasure craft license must be displayed above the waterline on both sides of the bow as far forward as possible and the letters must be at least 7.5 cm high and contrast with the colour of your hull.
51
Q

In which direction do propellers on most boats turn?

A
  • Most propellers are “right hand” meaning they turn “clockwise” when seen from astern.
  • This will swing the stern to starboard and the bow to port when going ahead.
  • When going astern the stern swings to port and the bow to starboard.
52
Q

What docking lines are required to secure a vessel properly?

A
  • Bow line - A line that is lead forward from the bow of the boat
  • Stern line - A line that is lead aft from the stern of the boat.
  • Spring lines - One line leads from the bow of the vessel aft of midships to the dock and one from the stern of the vessel lead forward of midships to the dock. These stop the boat from moving fore and aft and should be taut.
53
Q

Coming alongside a dock or wharf

Describe the procedure

A
  • Steer the boat inot the dock at an angle of around 20 to 30 degrees with just sufficient way on the vessel to have good control.
  • Approach upwind if possible. Coming in to a moored or anchored boat should be relatively easy as the vessel will probably be lying “head to wind”.
  • When the bow is close to the wharf put the engine in neutral and then reverse, as this is done, it will have the twofold effect of stopping the boat and the reverse thrust will tuck the stern in neatly alongside. “Propwalk”
  • Have your mooring line prepared in advance and crewmember designated to step ashore and tie the vessel.
54
Q

Arrival at a Dock

Being blown onto the dock & Being blown off the dock

Describe the procedure for docking

A
  • Always have lines and fenders prepared
  • In situation A, the vessel is positioned in the gap by nosing into the space and allowing the wind to push the vessel alongside.
  • In situation B, with the vessel being blown off the dock, approach the dock bow first, attach a bownline and with the rudder/engine to port, gently go astern which will gradually pull the stern into the dock.
55
Q

Departure form Dock with Crosswind

Describe the procedure

A
  • Before departing the dock make sure the engine is running smoothly.
  • The vessel must be given enough power to exit the dock quickly (Boat A) or else the wind will blow the boat onto the dock (Boat B).
  • Remove the spring lines, slip bow and stern lines together
56
Q

Departure from Dock with Wind Blowing onto Dock

Describe the procedure

A
  • With a wind blowing the vessel onto the dock, slip all line except the forward spring, power gently ahead to kick the stern out.
  • Slip the spring and motor astern into the channel.
57
Q

Away from the wind

A

Leeward

58
Q

The leeward motion of the boat caused by the wind

A

Leeway

59
Q

Approved distress flares are valid for how many years from the date of manufacture?

A

4 years

60
Q

List three circumstances under which a safety harness is worn.

A
  • Single handeling
  • On deck at night
  • Rough weather conditions
61
Q

List two often overlooked gases on board a vessel that can cause and explosion and give a source for each.

A
  • Methane Gas - Holding tank
  • Hydrogen - Batteries
62
Q

List three things not to do when treating a victim of hypothermia.

A
  • Do not apply heat to legs or arms
  • Do not handle roughly
  • Do not give alcohol
63
Q

List three actions that will increase your survival time if you are immersed in cold water. (You are wearing a PFD)

A
  • Stay still
  • Keep clothing on
  • Assume the help position
64
Q

The main heat loss areas of the body are:

A

Groin and Armpits

65
Q

What are the signs of hypothermia

A
  • Shivering, numbness of hands and feet
  • Core body temperature drops below 35 degrees
66
Q

Cold Water Shock

A
  • Occurs when you are immediately immersed into water below 15 C
  • Gasping for breath, muscle spasm, elevated heart rate then confusion and decrease LOC
67
Q

Huddle Position

A

If you and your passengers are exposed to cold water and are not able to swim to shore

  • Place arms around each other’s mid to lower back and pull together so your chests are close to each other’s
  • Place children in the middle of the huddle
  • Keep movements to a minimum to conserve energey
68
Q

H.E.L.P. Position

A

Heat Escape Lessening Position (H.E.L.P.)

Use this position to reduce heat loss from your core body temperature and delay the effects of hypothermia.

  • Cross your arms tightly agains your chest
  • Draw your knees up and against your chest
  • Keep your head and face out of the water
69
Q

A Shroud Breaks

Action to Take

A

Position the boat to reduce strain on mast - Tack

70
Q

The Forestay Breaks

Action to take

A

Turn Boat downwind

71
Q

What is Apparent Wind ?

A

Whenever a sailboat is moving, the wind that you feel, and that is hitting the sails, is the apparent wind. It is the apparent wind that governs how the boat sails.

72
Q

Parts of the Sail

A
73
Q

On-Board Orientation

A
74
Q

Parts of the Sailboat

A

International Bareboat Skipper (7 decks)

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