sam kyle

Question 1

Agenesis

Answer 1

-> Absence of Anlage( primordial tissue)

Question 2

Aplasia ( one P )

Answer 2

->Anlage Present, but doesn’t develop

Question 3

Hypoplasia ( 2x Ps)

Answer 3

• > Partially present
• > Histologically normal

Question 4

Atresia

Answer 4

-> Incomplete formation of lumen ( TRUNK)

Question 5

Necrosis

Answer 5

-Death of cells + Inflammatory infiltrate

1) Cytoplasm
- Increase eosinophilia ( Loss of cytoplasmic RNA)
- Vacuolated cytoplasm ( digested organelles)
- Myelin figures ( Damaged cell membranes)

2) Nuclei
- Karyolysis ( loss of chromatin basophilia)
- Pyknosis ( nuclear shrinkage)
- Karyorrhexis ( fragmentation)

Question 6

COAGULATIVE necrosis

Answer 6

1. -> “Architecture” is preserved
2. -> NECROTIC cells removed by phagocytosis

• Can be pale( No haemorrhage) or red ( loose tissue with RBC)

Question 7

LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis

Answer 7

1. -> transformation into liquid viscous mass
   
   • -CNS
   • • Infection ( pus)

Question 8

GANGRENOUS necrosis

Answer 8

1. • LACK of blood supply
2. -> “Crosses multiple tissue planes”

Question 9

CASEOUS necrosis

Answer 9

1. • White ( cheese-like)
     * -> TB ( granulomas)

Question 10

FAT necrosis

Answer 10

-> release of pancreatic lipases by pancreas into perioneum

Question 11

FIBRINOID necrosis

Answer 11

-antigen-antibody complexes deposit in walls of arteries-> mixes with fibrin to form pink and amorphous “fibrinoid” appearance

• -> Rheumtoid nodules ( epithelioid histiocytes + lymphocytes and plasma cells)
• -> Aschoff bodies ( rheumatic fever) - found in myocardium

Question 12

Neoplasia (New growth)

Answer 12

1. • Abnormal mass of tissue with autonomous growth exceeding normal tissues
2. • Persists after stimulus is withdrawn

• > Benign: Cannot metastasize
• > Malignant: Invade and destroy adjacent structures

Question 13

HAMARTOMA

Answer 13

-> Overgrowth of cells INDIGENOUS to site

SITES

1. • Lung
2. • Breast
3. -Hypothalamus
4. • heart ( rhabdomyoma)
5. • brain

SYNDROMES

1. • Cowdens( multiple hamartoma syndrome)
2. • Tuberous sclerosis
3. • Peutz-Jegher ( GI)

Question 14

CHORISTOMA

Answer 14

-> Ectopic normal cells

Question 15

TERATOMA

Answer 15

-Differentiation along

1. -> MESODERMAL
2. -> ENDODERMAL
3. -> ECTODERMAL

TYPES

1) Mature= DERMOID cyst
2) Immature ( MALIGNANT)
3) Monodermal ( highly specialised)

Question 16

METAPLASIA

Answer 16

-> REVERSIBLE change from one cell type to another

Question 17

DYSPLASIA ( Disordered growth)

Answer 17

1. -> Pleomorphism
2. -> Hypochromatic nuclei ( increased nuclear: cytoplasm ratio)
3. -> Loss of architectural orientation

-May be REVERSIBLE with removal of inciting agent

Question 18

Carcinoma in-situ

Answer 18

1. -Marked dysplasia involving entire thickness or epithelium
2. • CONFINED BY BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Question 19

Invasive carcinoma

Answer 19

• BREACH basement membrane

Question 20

PAPILLOMA

Answer 20

-> Proliferative epithelium with villous like projections

Question 21

NEOPLASIA

Answer 21

• TUMOUS

1. -> Parechyma- clonal neoplastic cells
2. -> Stroma- Connective tissue, blood vessels, macrophages

Question 22

BENIGN TUMOUS

Answer 22

1. -Adenoma:
   
   • Gland pattern, arising from glands
2. • Papilloma:
   • Finger like warts from epithelial surfaces

Question 23

SARCOMA

Answer 23

1. -> MESENCHYMAL tissue
2. -> Haematogenic spread
3. ->Pleomorphic, spindle cells

Question 24

CARCINOMA

Answer 24

1. • Lymphatic spread
2. • SCC
   • -> stratified squamous epithelium
3. • Adenocarcinoma
     1. -> Glandular pattern
4. • Undifferentiated carcinoma
     1. -> Unknown origin

Question 25

FEATURES OF MALIGNANCY

Answer 25

MACROSCOPIC

1. • Rapid growth
2. • Local invasion and destruction of tissue
3. • Loss of normal architecture
4. • Variegated: necrosis , haemorrhage
5. • Neoangiogenesis
6. • Desmoplasia ( fibroblastic, secreting collagen)

ANAPLASIA

1. • Pleomorphism ( variation in SIZE & SHAPE)
2. • Abnormal nuclear morphology
   • => Large nuclei
   • => Nuclear pleomorphism ( Variable shape and size)
   • => Large nucleoli
3. • Increased and abnormal mitoses
4. • Loss of polarity ( anarchic, disorganised growth)

METASTASIS