Schizophrenia - Individual Differences Flashcards
Psychodynamic approach
Freud based his explanation in a book by Daniel Schreber called “Memoirs of My Nervous Illness” (1903) —— diagnosed w/SZ
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH - fixation
Oral stage libido is satisfied from stimulation of lips/mouth
TOO MUCH/LITTLE= FIXATION
Freud - SZ become fixated during first 2 months of oral stage development
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH - regression
If an adult experienced excessive stress they may regress back to the oral stage (ID dominant)
An ego defense mechanism
- ID will operate w/o/ constraint
- Positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions represent the ids activities
DIFFICULT TI DISTINGUISH REAL LIFE FROM DESIRE AND FANTASY
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH - schizophrenogenic mother
Child/mam relationship CRUCIAL in dev of SZ
> some are overprotective and controlling but same time rejecting/distant
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Hinders emotional development - very vulnerable when faced with stress
EVALUATION OF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
WEAKNESS - unfalsifiable- can’t prove existence of ID, ego etc.
- Inconsistent support for SZ mams
> Kasanin et al (1934) found 33/45 patients w/SZ experiences maternal overprotection - NOT CONVINCING 1/3 did not?!!
EVALUATION OF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH PT2
Strong evidence of biological factors
-> Heston(1966) used 47 adoptees w/SZ mothers and 50 who didn’t
Mothers with= 10.6% were also diagnosed
Mothers without= 0%
SUGGESTS dev of SZ may be due to shared genes between mother/child rather than how the child was raised
COGNITIVE APPROACH
Links to malfunctions in cognitive symptoms
(Memory, perception & attention)
Hallucinations -> positive symptoms
> 2.5-4% have experienced hallucinations most of whom are not diagnosed with psychiatric problems(Clairbornm 2009)
COGNITIVE APPROACH
-explaining hallucinations
Morrison(1998) suggests triggers (sleep deprivation) can lead to such symptoms
(Voices in maladaptive ways leading to people appraising voices innapropriately(devil))
COGNITIVE APPROACH
-hallucinations part 2
Leads to social withdrawal/self harm and associated emotions sadness/shame
Can reinforce the critical messages from voices
a vicious cycle
COGNITIVE APPROACH
-explaining negative symptoms
Beck et al (2008) draw on cognitive triad to offer model of - symptoms
1) holds dysfunctional beliefs about their performance(myself)
2) negative view of their future
3) mental filters only attend to - messages (world)
* LINK TO DISORDERED THINKING*
COGNITIVE APPROACH -lack of preconscious
filters
Frith - + symptoms explained by difficulties in inhibiting preconscious content
1) sense receive info from environment & we interpret it
2) info moved to conscious to make sense
3) problems w/ filters
4) acting appropriately becomes difficult > information overload
COGNITIVE APPROACH - COMPROMISED THEORY OF MIND
Frith (1992)
- DISORDERS OF WILLED ACTION - explains negative symptoms
- DISORDERS OF SELF MONITORING - vocal hallucinations and delusions
- DISORDERS OF MONITORING OTHERS THOUGHTS & INTENTIONS - delusions of persecution
COGNITIVE APPROACH- EVALUATION
STRENGTHS
- supporting frith -
~> Barch (1999) compares performance on the Stroop test of those w/ SZ and without -w/SZ were slower and made more mistakes
Changes in cerebral blood flows in SZ brains when completing cognitive tasks -scientific evidence
BIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE CAUSES COMBINED
Sarin&Wallen reviewed research and concluded faulty cognition was major part of symptoms
- e.g delusional patients have a lack of reality because of so many cognitive deficits
COGNITIVE APPROACH WEAKNESSES
REDUCTIONIST
~ due to disconnections within frontal cortex(decisions) & posterior areas(perception)
SO
• does not take a holistic view
• mundane realism= does not reflect real life
PARTIAL EXPLANATION -only cognitive symptoms
