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Spanish 4 > Science Inq (21, 23, 24) > Flashcards

Science Inq (21, 23, 24) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of remain is petrified wood?

A

replacement

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2
Q

What is the name for the type of fossil formed when mineral material fills a rock’s hollow depression that once contained an embedded bone?

A

cast

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3
Q

What is meant by the phrase geologic time?

A

the time span since the formation of planet Earth

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4
Q

What geologic principle tells us that each sediment layer is younger than the layer beneath it?

A

superposition

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5
Q

What is obtained when rocks and geologic events are put into chronologic order without regard to the actual dates?

A

relative geologic time

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6
Q

Into what time spans are eons next divided?

A

eras

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7
Q

What is the name of the time period when plants lived that eventually became coal?

A

Pennsylvanian

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8
Q

What kind of fossil is widespread and easily identifiable?

A

index

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9
Q

State the principle of superposition.

A

In a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, lava, or ash, each layer is younger than the layer beneath it

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10
Q

Do nonhorizontal rock layers violate any geologic principle?

A

No, these layers began as horizontal layers and were altered later.

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11
Q

What is meant by correlation?

A

The process where rock layers in different localities are matched up by use of index fossils or other means

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12
Q

What four features characterize the best index fossils?

A

typical of a particular limited time segment
widespread
numerous
easily identified

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13
Q

What radioactive element gradually decays to nitrogen and can be used to date ancient shells and cloth?

A

carbon

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14
Q

If the half-life of a radioactive specimen is 100 years, then how long will it take for the specimen to reach 25% of its original amount?

A

200 years

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15
Q

Radiometric dating is used to determine which of the following?

A

absolute (numerical) geologic time

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16
Q

Which radiometric dating method is most useful for dating Earth’s oldest rocks?

A

rubidium–strontium

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17
Q

What is the age of the Earth as determined by radiometric dating?

A

4.56 billion years

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18
Q

Which of these rocks are useful in helping us determine the age of the Earth?

A

meteorite rocks
Earth rocks
Moon rocks

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19
Q

On the geologic time calendar, approximately how many days have humans been on Earth?

A

1 day

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20
Q

What is the name for a type of fossil formed when a mineral replaces once-living material?

A

replacement fossil

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21
Q

What is the name for a fossil imprint made by the movement of an animal?

A

trace fossil

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22
Q

What is the name for fossils that can be used for correlation?

A

index fossils

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23
Q

State the principle of original horizontality.

A

Layers of ash, lava, and sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers.

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24
Q

What type of remain is a shark tooth?

A

trace

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25
Q

The Moho boundary separates which two layers of Earth’s interior?

A

crust and lithosphere

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26
Q

The crust makes up what percentage of the Earth’s radius?

A

1%

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27
Q

Name the four major regions of the Earth, from “outermost” to “innermost”.

A

1 (outermost) crust
2 mantle
3 outer core
4 (innermost) inner core

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28
Q

What is the temperature of the inner core?

A

~6000° C

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29
Q

Why is the asthenosphere so unique and important?

A

The asthenosphere is plastic and able to move, allowing plates above it to shift.

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30
Q

Which of the following geologic evidence does not support continental drift?

A

similar types of rivers on every continent

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31
Q

Wegener proposed what name for the ancient, giant supercontinent he envisioned?

A

Pangaea

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32
Q

What is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A

a ridge that runs along the center of the Atlantic Ocean between the continents

33
Q

Briefly state three types of evidence that support the concept of continental drift. (Select all that apply.)

A

biological evidence
continuity of geologic features
glacial evidence

34
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the lithosphere?

A

It consists of the crust and part of the upper mantle.

35
Q

About how thick, in kilometers, is the Earth’s crust under the continents?

A

19 to 40 km

36
Q

About how thick, in kilometers, is the Earth’s crust under the ocean basins?

A

5 to 11 km

37
Q

What is meant by the term Pangaea?

A

the supercontinent that will form when the continents eventually all collide with each other

38
Q

What layer is close to the melting point of rock and is relatively plastic?

A

asthenosphere

39
Q

Which of the following is a primary cause of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building?

A

plate tectonics

40
Q

At which type of plate boundary is new crust formed?

A

divergent

41
Q

The principle of isostasy states that the depth to which a floating object sinks into underlying material depends on which two properties of the object?

A

density and thickness

42
Q

What, in the context of plate tectonics, is a plate?

A

a huge slab of lithosphere material

43
Q

What and where is the lithosphere?

A

the solid outer shell of the Earth which includes the crust and some of the upper mantle

44
Q

What and where is the asthenosphere?

A

the region below Earth’s crust that is hot enough to be easily deformed and is capable of internal flow

45
Q

Give an example of a feature at each of the three general types of plate boundaries.
Divergent boundary:

A

new oceans (e.g., the Red Sea)

46
Q

Convergent boundary:

A

mountain ranges (e.g., the Himalayas)

47
Q

Transform boundary:

A

many earthquakes (e.g., the San Andreas fault)

48
Q

What is a subduction zone?

A

the region where one plate is deflected downward and beneath another plate

49
Q

What is the primary driving force that causes plate movement?

A

gravity

50
Q

When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate at a convergent boundary, which one is subducted? Why?

A

the oceanic plate
Oceanic crust has a higher density than does continental crust.

51
Q

What process during plate collisions leads to the formation of volcanic islands arcs?

A

subduction

52
Q

Name the two plates that border the San Andreas fault. (Select all that apply.)

A

the North American plate
the Pacific plate

53
Q

How are the plates moving relative to one another?

A

The Pacific plate is moving northward relative to the North American plate.

54
Q

On the Richter scale, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake is how many times more powerful than a magnitude 6.0 earthquake?

A

32

55
Q

Where on the Earth are earthquakes generally found?

A

plate boundaries

56
Q

Distinguish between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake.
Focus, epicenter

A

the point or region of the initial energy release or slippage
the location on the Earth’s surface directly above the initial release or slippage

57
Q

a normal fault

A

occurs as the result of expansive forces that cause its overlying side to move downward relative to the side beneath it

58
Q

a reverse fault

A

occurs as the result of compressional forces that cause the overlying side of the fault to move upward relative to the side beneath it

59
Q

a transform fault

A

occurs when the stresses are parallel to the fault boundary such that the fault slip is horizontal

60
Q

Which primary factors does the rate of chemical weathering of rock depend on?

A

temperature, humidity and mineral content

61
Q

Chemical weathering can be determined by analyzing what property of a rock?

A

composition

62
Q

What common type of rock is most susceptible to chemical weathering?

A

limestone

63
Q

Which load causes a stream to appear muddy after a heavy rain?

A

the suspended load

64
Q

In a desert, what is the prime mover of the land material?

A

wind

65
Q

What term refers to the downslope movement of soil and rock fragments that is caused solely by gravity?

A

mass wasting

66
Q

What is the natural influence of erosion?

A

gravity

67
Q

What are the natural agents of erosion? (Select all that apply.)

A

wind, waves, glaciers, streams

68
Q

What is a river meander?

A

a loop-like bend in a river channel

69
Q

continental glaciers

A

Continental glaciers are ice sheets that cover large areas and flow outward.

70
Q

cirque glaciers

A

Cirque glaciers are small glaciers that form in depressions along mountains.

71
Q

valley glaciers

A

Valley glaciers form in valleys and flow down the valleys.

72
Q

What is the upper boundary of the groundwater zone of saturation?

A

water table

73
Q

What is the term for the process that returns moisture to the air from the Earth’s surface?

A

evaporation

74
Q

What is the term for the process that returns water to the surface from the air?

A

precipitation

75
Q

porosity

A

the percentage volume of unoccupied space in the total volume of a substance

76
Q

permeability

A

a measure of a material’s capacity to carry fluid

77
Q

Into what zone should one drill a water well?

A

zone of saturation

78
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

a body of permeable rock through which groundwater moves

79
Q

What is frost wedging?

A

the disintegration of rock resulting from the pressure of freezing water

Spanish 4 (9 decks)

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