Search for Peace and Security Flashcards
When did Germany withdraw from … and …
LoN and the Disarmament Conference
1933
How Hitler increased his military strength
- Reintroduced conscription
- Statistic about soldiers Rhineland
- Hitler and Austria
In 1935 Hitler re-introduced conscription and signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement which regulated the German navy to the ratio of 35% of the British navy
In 1936 30 000 German soldiers occupied the demilitarised Rhineland;
Anschluss (annexation) with Austria in March 1938.
After Revisionism of ToV Hitler sought to create …
Policies example
GrossDeutschland = bringing together of all German speaking, this would also assist in creating self-sufficiency of Germany economically
1934- Germany Poland Ten year non- aggression pact
Jan 1935- Saar Plebiscite: 90% of residents in this area on the French border decided to rejoin Germany
Timeline of Foreign Policy Germany
23 Aug. 1939
Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign a Non-Aggression Pact
1 Sep. 1939
Hitler invades Poland
22 June 1941
Germany invades Soviet Union
22 May 1939
Hiler and Mussolini signed a military alliance called the Pact of Steel which formalised the political Rome-Berlin Axis alliance (Oct 25th 1936)
Second Sino-Japanese War
7 July 1937 – 9 Sept 1945
China went to LON in protest - an investigation was launched but took more than a year
Japan signed the Tripartite Pact to form the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis in September 1940
Japan gained control of much of north eastern China and by 1941- in Nanjing - 200 000 civilians were massacred
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Self sufficient coalition of Asian nations led by Japan rather than one under the yoke of the Western colonial powers.
- US was in the way so Japan bombed Pearl Harbour in 1941
Woodrow Wilson aims
Examples through Articles he established
Article 8: Disarmament
Article 10: Collective Security - promised to support League members from external aggression
Article 16: Sanctions - if a nation declares war trade and financial sanctions will be put in place against them
Success of the LoN
Settled a number of territorial disputes
e.g. Finland and Sweden in 1921 and Turkey and Iraq in 1926
Effective work achieved in finance, health, control of the drug trade (health and labour organisations would re-emerge as part of the UN)
It cut Germany’s total reparations from £6.6billion to £2 billion. The Young Plan also gave 59 years to pay reparations meaning Germany would be paying reparations until 1988.
British Historian quote about Lon success
EH. Carr suggested that 1924-1930 was the period of the LoN’s “greatest prestige and authority”
Failure of the LoN
- Member
America was never a member; Germany was only a member from 1926–33; the USSR was excluded until 1934; and Japan and Italy left the League in 1933 and 1937 respectively
1932 - World Disarmament Conference
- 60 nations participated
- No meaningful outcome but triggered Germany’s departure
Benito Mussolini invaded of Abyssinia in 1935–36.
Manchuria highlights LoN failures
The League showed it is incapable of enforcing world peace,
Japan continues in violent policy and launches full-scale attack in 1937.
Abyssinia highlights LoN failures
Britain and France, two leading members of the League, could have stopped Italy by closing the Suez Canal to Italian ships – cutting the Italian supply route to Abyssinia. Instead they agreed with the rest of the League to impose certain economic sanctions on Italy.
These measures had little effect, because they did not include steel, oil and coal, which were vital to the Italian war effort.
