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COMM 111 > Second half > Flashcards

Second half Flashcards

1
Q

Logos

A

Logical proof

Use of evidence and reasoning in a speech; logical appeals

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2
Q

Ethos

A

Personal proof

Aristotle’s name for credibility, the set of attitudes an audience has toward the speaker

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3
Q

Pathos

A

Emotional proof

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4
Q

Persuasion defined

A

Creating, reinforcing, changing people’s beliefs or actions

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5
Q

Degrees of persuasion

A

Opposition -> Favor

Strongly, moderately, slightly

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6
Q

Making logical connections

A

State your case

Prove your case

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7
Q

Evidence

A

Facts
Examples
Statistics
Testimony

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8
Q

Examples

A

True examples to prove

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9
Q

Testimony

A

Expert (authority)

Peer (first hand experience)

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10
Q

Components of ethos

A

Good character - trustworthiness
Common sense - competence
Goodwill - friendliness
Dynamism - charisma

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11
Q

Types of ethos

A

Prior
Demonstrated
-well prepared
-good delivery

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12
Q

Pathos

A

Persuasion is affected through the audience when they are brought into a state of emotion (fear, anger, happiness, etc.)

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13
Q

Dimensions of emotional responses

A

Pleasure/displeasure
Arousal/non-arousal
Dominance/powerlessness

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14
Q

Maslow’ hierarchy of needs

Devices of pathos: appeals to needs and values

A

Physiological: requirements for survival
Safety: desire for security, stability, order
Social: sense of belonging–love or be loved
Self esteem: being valued by others
Self actualization: fulfillment in life

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15
Q

Persuasive speech organizational patterns

A

Problem/solution
Refutation
Monroe’s motivated sequence

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16
Q

Monroe’s motivated sequence

A 
Gain attention
Establish need
Satisfaction
Visualization
Call to action
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17
Q

Question/Claim of Fact*****

A

A question/claim about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Draws a conclusion by moving an audience from established to a claim - interpretation of facts

Stating information as a claim does not necessarily mean its 100% completely proven as true.

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18
Q

Questions/Claims of value**

A

A question/claim about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth, of an idea or action.

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19
Q

A value judgment is justified using_____

A

Factual information and appeals to needs and values

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20
Q

It can be difficult to persuade depending on

A

Topic and audience

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21
Q

Value claim examples

A

Parking permits at OSU are TOO EXPENSIVE

airport security SACRIFICES FREEDOM of movement for safety

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22
Q

Question/claims of policy**

A

A question/claim about whether a specific action should or should not be taken

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23
Q

Claims of policy are

A

Calls for action (behavior). They are future-oriented

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24
Q

Policy claims MUST include the words

A

Should/should not or ought/ought not

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25
Q

Reasoning

A

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence**

Explaining and making sense of evidence. Reasoning is for your brain!

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26
Q

Types of reasoning

A

Deductive
Inductive
Causal
Analogical

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27
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning that moves from several particular facts to a general conclusion

Moves from specific to general

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28
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Moves from general knowledge to specific application

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29
Q

Parts of deductive reasoning

A 
Major premise (general principle)
Minor premise (specific application)
Conclusion
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30
Q

Deductive reasoning example

A

People who walked through doors marked “exit” have left the building (general premise)
Elvis walked through the door marked “exit” (specific application)
Elvis has left the building (conclusion)

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31
Q

Causal reasoning

A

seeks to establish a relationship between causes and effects, or between events and outcomes

32
Q

when causal reasoning, be aware because

A

some effects/outcomes may have multiple causes; or the relationship may only be correlational

33
Q

Analogical reasoning

A

compares two similar cases and infers that what is true in the first case is also true for the second

34
Q

In your analogical reasoning examples,

A

similarities should outweigh the differences

35
Q

Examples of analogical reasoning

A

If you’re good at tennis, you’ll probably be good at ping-pong

Being a student is similar to having a job: in both cases you need to show up and get your work finished on time.

36
Q

Fallacies (10)

A

errors or flaws in reasoning

37
Q

Hasty Generalization f1

A

jumping to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence*****

This is a fallacy in reasoning from specific instances

EXAMPLE:
My girlfriend is a horrible driver, so all women must be bad at driving

38
Q

False Cause f2

A

Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, the first cause is the cause of the second****

EXAMPLE:
There were no nuclear weapons before women had the right to vote!

There were no clowns roaming the streets when Harambe was alive.

39
Q

Red Herring f3

A

Presenting irrelevant information in the attempt to distract from the issue being discussed.***

EXAMPLE:
How dare my opponent accuse me of these things, especially at this time when we are all working to improve the quality of life for all the people in the United States.

40
Q

Ad Hominem f4

A

Attacking your opponent rather than dealing with the issue in dispute.***

EXAMPLE:
My political opponent will destroy America
Religion is for the weak
Honest people are incredibly naive
She's a dumb blonde
41
Q

Either/Or f5

A

Argues that there are only two options available when more than two exist.

EXAMPLE:
We can either go to Bomb’s away cafe or we can eat at home.
You can either vote for Hillary or Trump.

42
Q

Bandwagon f6

A

Assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable***

EXAMPLE:
More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette.
Everyone is doing it, so why shouldn’t I?

43
Q

Slippery Slope f7

A

Assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be avoided.***

EXAMPLE:
If you move into a Greek house your grades will go down next term

“Once you pop you can’t stop!” and “betcha can’t eat just one!” -Pringles and Lays/chip companies are all about this

44
Q

Invalid analogy f8

A

Analogy in which the two cases being compared are not alike - the differences outweigh the similarities***

EXAMPLE:
Employees are like nails. Nails must be hit on the head in order to work, and the same is true for employees

45
Q

Appeal to tradition f9

A

Assumes that because something has always been done in a certain way, it is therefore the best way to do it***

EXAMPLE:
I have always bought Brand X, so I will keep buying it

46
Q

Appeal to Novelty f10

A

The opposite of appeal to tradition - assumes that because something is new, it is therefore better.***

EXAMPLE:
This is the latest version of this device - it is the absolute best thing on the market!

47
Q

Determining you audience

A

Does my audience agree with me?

How much information does my audience know about my topic?

48
Q

Types of audiences

A

Receptive
Neutral
Unreceptive

49
Q

Persuading receptive audiences

A

Identify with your audience
Use emotional appeals effectively
Make it easy for your listeners to act

50
Q

Persuading the neutral audience

A

Refer to beliefs that many listeners share
Relate your topic not only to your listeners, but also to their families, friends, and loved ones.
Be realistic about what you can accomplish.

51
Q

Persuading the unreceptive audience

A

Begin with areas of agreement
Acknowledge opposing views
Consider understanding to be your goal rather than advocacy.

52
Q

Use Aristotle’s Artistic Proofs to Support your Ideas

A

Logos
Ethos
Pathos

53
Q

Denotative

A

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

54
Q

Connotative

A

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

55
Q

Denotative “You are a dog”

A

You are literally a canine.

56
Q

Connotative “You are a dog”

A

You are morally detestable.

57
Q

Clear language

A

1 Use familiar words: words should be immediately understandable by your audience. Stay away from jargon and technical language.
2 Use specific, concrete words
3 Eliminate clutter: “in this day and age” vs “today”

58
Q

Simile - (imagery)

A

An explicit comparison between two essentially different things, introduced with the words “like” or “as”

59
Q

Metaphor - (imagery)

A 
An implicit comparison between two essentially different things that share a commonality, NOT introduced with "like" or "as".
EXAMPLES
It's raining cats and dogs
She is the apple of my eye
Life is a journey
You are my sunshine
Life is a highway
60
Q

Personification - (imagery)

A

Representing inanimate objects with human qualities

61
Q

Hyperbole - (imagery)

A

Deliberate exaggeration to emphasize a point for rhetorical effect

62
Q

Cliche - (imagery)

A 
A trite or overused expression
EXAMPLES
Clean as a whistle
Don't judge a book by its cover
Fit as a fiddle 
Don't cry over spilled milk
"I know this sounds cliche" is a cliche
63
Q

Parallelism - (rhythm)

A

The similar arrangement of a pair of series of related words, phrases, or sentences

64
Q

Repetition - (rhythm)

A

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

65
Q

Anaphora - (rhythm)

A

When the first word or set of words are repeated at the beginning of the sentence.
EXAMPLE
We cut taxes. We cut taxes for 95 percent of working families. We cut taxes for small businesses. We cut takes for first-time homebuyers.

66
Q

Epistrophe- (rhythm)

A

When the last word or set of words in a sentence is repeated at the end of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases.
EXAMPLE
“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

67
Q

Alliteration- (rhythm)

A

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
EXAMPLE
“Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming, dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before.”

68
Q

Antithesis- (rhythm)

A

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in a parallel structure
EXAMPLE
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness…it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair - Charles Dickens

69
Q

Use appropriate language for

A

the occasion
the audience
the topic
yourself (the speaker!)

70
Q

4 Types of Special Occasion Speeches

A

Presentation
Introduction
Commemorative
Acceptance

71
Q

Presentation Spec Occ

A

presenting award
should tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award, focus on their achievements, and explain the significance of the award
should explain the meaning of the award, explain the recipient is receiving award

72
Q

Introduction Spec Occ

A

introducing speaker/event
should build enthusiasm, boost speaker’s credibility, and welcome speaker
should be brief and accurate, adapt to occasion/speaker/audience, and create anticipation & drama

73
Q

Acceptance Spec Occ

A

after receiving the award, thanking people etc.
should express gratitude, express meaning of award
should thank the award sponsors/those who supported you, use brevity/humility/graciousness

74
Q

Commemorative Spec Occ

A

graduation speech, in OSU’s case, often a recognized person

should heighten audience’s admiration, express feelings (joy/hope), and warm emotional content (good wishes)

75
Q

7 Types of Commemorative Speeches

A 
Roast
After dinner speech
Toast
Dedication
Inaugural address
Commencement address
Eulogy
76
Q

Special Occassion speech guidelines

A 
main goal is INSPIRATION
sincere
positive
humor
concrete details
personal references
genuine delivery
descriptive & vivid language.

COMM 111 (2 decks)

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