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Drugs and Crime in America > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do drugs work?

A

-The faster a drug enters the brain, the more intense the effect

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2
Q

Chronic Effects of drugs

A
  • Long term effects
    -Altered neurochemistry of the brain (sometimes permanently)

-Long-term irritability, drug craving, sleeplessness, loss of motivation

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3
Q

Dose

A
  • Overall weight of a drug, including any additives
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4
Q

Potency

A

-The minimum quantity needed to produce the psychoactive effect

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5
Q

Purity

A

-The percentage of the drug that is the active ingredient

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6
Q

Effective Dose

A

-The known amount of drug needed to achieve a specific psychoactive effect

-ED50: 50% of the population gets the desired amount

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7
Q

Lethal Dose

A

-The amount of drug which causes death

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8
Q

Effect/Lethal Dose ratio

A

-Is an indicator of the toxicity or safety of a drug

-The closer the number, the more dangerous the drug

-An ED/LD ratio of 1:10 is considered dangerous (1mg effective/10mg deadly)

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9
Q

Tolerance

A

-When the effects of a drug diminish with repeated use
-Body learns to tolerate and adapt to the drug
-More and more is needed to achieve the desired effect

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10
Q

Dependence

A

-Use of the drug compulsively

-Finding, buying, and using drugs have become a central part of their life

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11
Q

Drug Abuse

A

-Is used to indicate that a person is experiencing negative consequences

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12
Q

Drug Misuse

A

-Use of prescription drugs for recreational purposes

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13
Q

ADDICTION

A
  • A person’s loss of control over the use of drug
  • The inability to stop using a drug
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14
Q

Symptoms of Addiction

A
  • Taking larger amounts than needed

-Inability to cut down the amount used

-Spending too much time attempting to obtain the drug

-Continued use despite of negative effects on health and social status

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15
Q

WITHDRAWAL

A
  • The ultimate proof that a person is addicted is suffering withdrawal symptoms
    when a person stops using a drug
  • withdrawal can also be deadly if not done under medical supervision.
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16
Q

COVID-19 & DRUGS

A
  • During Covid, only essential services were open and in Nj liquor stores were deemed essential
  • Why? Because alcohol is one of the deadliest drugs to withdrawal from on your own
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17
Q

HARRISON TAX ACT

A
  • the government began to tax those that dealt in drugs-even prescription
    drugs
  • This included physicians and dispensaries
  • It also made drugs like opium and cocaine illegal to posses or use by the general public
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18
Q

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

A
  • Replaced the Harrison Act of 1914
  • the CSA was contained within it
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19
Q

CSA (Controlled Substances Act)

A
  • Illegal drugs were classified by the government
  • Penalties for violating the act were codified (statutes were created)
  • A drug-schedule was created (I,II,III,IV,&V)
  • The schedules are based on the accepted medical use and the potential
    for abuse of the drug
  • Schedule 1 is the most regulated while schedule 5 is the least regulate
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20
Q

Schedule I

A

No accepted medical use/high incidence of abuse

Heroin/LSD/Peyote/Mescaline/Methaqualone/Marijuana

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21
Q

CSA and Pubic Health

A
  • provided for increased funding for public health
  • Expanded programs to treat drug abuse
  • This is the 1st time we see the government mandate and fund treatment
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22
Q

National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse

A
  • Created to study the drug problem in the U.S.
  • The commission recommended that possession of an ounce or less should
    not be criminalized (we didn’t listen)
  • Recommended that distribution of small amounts should not be
    criminalized (we didn’t listen)
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23
Q

CSA and state laws

A
  • The CSA served as a model for passing anti-drug laws in all 50 states
  • Drugs also became part of the dual court system
24
Q

The 5 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

A

*Cannabis
-Marijuana/Marihuana

  • CNS Depressants
    -Opiates/sedatives
  • CNS Stimulants
    -Cocaine/amphetamines
  • Hallucinogens
    -LSD/Peyote/PCP
  • Club Drugs
    -Ecstasy/Ketamine/Rohypnol/GHB
25
Q

SEDATIVES

A
  • Sometimes called tranquilizers or downers
  • Used for insomnia, seizure disorders, and sedation
  • They slow down the brain, depress respiration, and heart rate
26
Q

Schedule II

A
  • Some medical use/high abuse potential
    Opium/Morphine/Cocaine/Codeine/PCP
27
Q

Schedule III

A

Some medical use/Moderate abuse potential

Diluted or derivative forms of schedule II drugs

28
Q

Schedule IV

A

Used for medical treatments/low potential for abuse

29
Q

Schedule V

A

Prescription medicine/low potential for abuse

30
Q

Cannabis

examples

acute and chronic effects

A

Marijuana/Marihuana

Acute: euphoria, increased heart rate and blood pressure, heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli, and reduced coordination and fine motor skills.

Chronic: cancer, impaired memory, learning skills, and
cognition

31
Q

CNS Depressants

examples

acute and chronic effects

A

-Opiates/sedatives/ Heroin

acute: relieves pain and stress, Depresses breathing and cardiac function, euphoria, flushing, impaired mental function, slurred speech,
and constricted pupils

Chronic: high incidence of dependence and addiction, HIV, Hepatitis, infections

32
Q

CNS Stimulants

examples

acute and chronic effects

A

-Cocaine/amphetamines

Acute: Increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, euphoria, improved motor skills, self-confidence, reduced fatigue, increased alertness, and a suppressed appetite

Chronic: changes the chemistry in the brain, High incidence of dependence, paranoia, agitation, memory loss, and violent behavior

33
Q

Hallucinogens

examples

acute and chronic effects

A

LSD/Peyote/PCP

Acute: effects sensory perceptions and causes auditory and visual distortions and hallucinations, can effect mood and muscle control, Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, dizziness, sweating, elevated body temperature, and nausea, cause seizures, distort thoughts, and make on impervious to pain

Chronic: Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) hallucinations or flashbacks even months after taking the drug, memory loss and depression

34
Q

Club Drugs

examples

acute and chronic effects

A

Ecstasy/Ketamine/Rohypnol/GHB

Acute: reduced control over one’s behaviors and emotions, It can cause and out-of-body experience and sedation, seizures, and loss of consciousness, Causes drowsiness, confusion, amnesia, and visual disturbances, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, panic attacks, and hyperthermia

Chronic:

35
Q

MARIJUANA

A

The most commonly used illegal drug in the world

Has stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogenic properties

36
Q

THC

A

There is no evidence that there are any acute (immediate) health effects

Chronic (long-term) effects are cancer, impaired memory, learning skills, and
cognition

37
Q

OPIUM

A

Active ingredient is morphine-uniquely and highly effective at reducing pain

  • First discovered in China-to help alleviate pain in railroad workers
38
Q

Acute

A

immediate effects

39
Q

WERE DRUGS ALWAYS BAD?

A
  • No
  • Some has clear usefulness while others didn’t

-the street drugs we focus on are not the same drugs of the past

  • Many street drugs, including marijuana have been chemically altered over
    the years, especially once they became illegal
40
Q

DRUG/CRJ SYSTEM CONNECTION.
What does the government emphasize in order to combat drug crimes?

A
  • law enforcement and punishment
41
Q

Interdiction

A
  • The efforts of law enforcement to combat illegal drugs
42
Q

SAMSHA
What it stands for is and what’s it purpose.

A
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

-Provides training and studies drug use and abuse

43
Q

WHO ABUSES DRUGS

A

People from all walks of life

44
Q

THE BRAIN and drug use

A

There is no proof of an existing metabolic imbalance in the brain
that would cause someone to need to rebalance the brain with
drugs

  • However, some people have less naturally occurring endorphins
    in the brain
  • Others have less dopamine receptors in the brain
  • Taking certain drugs, especially opiates, makes them feel better
  • In some ways, people start to self-medicate with drugs to feel
    better or to feel normal
45
Q

GENETICS and drug use

A

Researchers have never identified an addiction gene
* However, studies on adopted children revealed that their
propensity for drug use was more closely related to their
biological parents than their adoptive parents
* They have also found that the risk of alcoholism greatly increases
when one or more parent abuses alcohol
* Some people just appear to be more predisposed to drug /
alcohol abuse than others

46
Q

Skinner

A

The stronger the reward and the closer it occurs to the behavior, the
stronger the conditioned response will be

47
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

when people engage in behaviors that help them reduce or avoid unpleasant experiences

48
Q

Self-derogation

A

Using drugs to combat their esteem issues, depression, or anxiety

49
Q

Pavlov or Classical Conditioning

A

External cues (locations, sounds, people) are associated with a particular behavior

50
Q

General Risk Theory

A

risk-taking, hostility, pleasure-seeking, hedonistic personalities
often cluster in the same individuals

51
Q

Differential Association Theory (Sutherland):

A

Individuals learn deviant social behavior
by spending time with certain groups who see it as positive behavior

52
Q

Social Learning Theory:

A

The combination of social groups AND experiencing a
positive physical reaction from taking the drug

53
Q

Subculture Theory:

A

Notes that drug use can be accepted by an entire subculture
and not just small groups (peyote and Native Americans)

54
Q

Selective Interaction/Socialization Theories:

A

Drug users or risk takers choose their
individual groups based on their own perceived acceptable norms

55
Q

Social Development/Life Course Theories:

A

Parental and peer group influence will
vary during different developmental stages in life (younger-parental)

56
Q

Social/Self Control Theory:

A

Stronger bonds to parents, family, school,
or work will lead to less drug use while those with weaker or missing
bonds will be more likely to use drugs

57
Q

Anomie/Strain Theories

A

When pathways to success are blocked
(access to a good job, education, money), they seek more deviant
ways to feel successful or included

Drugs and Crime in America (3 decks)

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