Section 1 & 2

Question 1

Eukaryote and prokaryote

Answer 1

Eukaryote has a nucleus

Prokaryote doesn’t have a nucleus

Question 2

Animal cell and plant cell

Answer 2

Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria

Plant = + cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast

Question 3

Specialised cells

Answer 3

Cells that have a structure which makes them adapted to their function

Question 4

Egg cell

Answer 4

Carries female DNA and nourishes embryo
Nutrients in cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus
After fertilisation membrane changes structure

Question 5

Sperm cell

Answer 5

Transports male DNA to the female egg
Longtail to swim
Haploid nucleus
Mitochondria provides energy
Acrosome is at head stores enzymes used to digest way through Eggs membrane

Question 6

Ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 6

Line surface of organs

Function is to move substances

Question 7

Microscopy

Answer 7

Total magnification= eyepiece lens mag x objective lens mag

Image size=magnification x real size

Light microscope - pass light through specimen - used to study living cells

Electron microscope - higher magnification and resolution - lets us see smaller things

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

Act as biological catalysts
Factors that affect the rate of reaction - temp, ph, substrate concentration
As it increases rate of reaction increases until optimum is reached then it denatures

Question 9

Lock and key method and rate of reaction

Answer 9

The substrate is the molecule changed in the reaction
Every enzyme has an active site where the substrate joins to catalyse the reaction

Rate of reaction= 1000 ÷ time

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars

Question 11

Protease

Answer 11

Proteases convert proteins into amino acids

Question 12

Lipase

Answer 12

Lipase convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acid’s

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

The overall movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration
Happens in liquids and gases – doesn’t require energy
Only small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes
Increasing temp/concentration gradient speeds it up

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

Movement of water across a partially permeable all membrane from a high to low concentration
Increasing temp/surface area/concentration gradient speeds it up
Doesn’t require energy – passive process

Question 15

Active transport

Answer 15

Movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient (low to high) using energy transferred during respiration
Active process

Question 16

❌Cell differentiation

Answer 16

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

Question 17

❌Cell elongation

Answer 17

Cell expands making so bigger which makes it grow

In plants growth in height happens by cell elongations

Question 18

❌Cell division

Answer 18

By mitosis by mitosis

Growth in animals happens by cell division

Question 19

❌Cancer

Answer 19

When cell divides uncontrollably

Question 20

❌Stem cells

Answer 20

Undifferentiated cells
Uses – embryonic stem cells are more useful in medicine as they can differentiate into all types of cell
Adult stem cells can be used in bone marrow transplant

Question 21

❌Meristems

Answer 21

Meristem tissue is found in areas of plant that is growing – produces unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type – goes onto form xylem and phloem

Question 22

❌Reflex arc

Answer 22

S - stimulus
R – Receptor
S – sensory neurone
R–Relay neurone
M – motor neurone
E - effector
R - response

Question 23

❌Neurons

Answer 23

Nerves carry electrical impulses along long extension of neurons is called dendrons and axons - these are insulated by fatty Mylein sheath

Question 24

❌Synapses and reflexes

Answer 24

Synapse – a connection between two neurons

Reflexes– pain, stimulation of pain receptor, impulses travel along sensory neuron, impulses are passed along relay neuron via synapse, impulses travel along Motor neurone via synapse, impulse reaches muscle and It retracts

Question 25

❌mitosis

Answer 25

Interphase - DNA replicates
Prophase – nucleus breaks down
Metaphase – chromosomes in middle
Anaphase – chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibres
Telophase – two new nucleus membrane form
Cytokinesis – cytoplasm separates
Two daughter cells produced genetically identical - diploid
Mitosis is a type of cell division for growth and repair all over the body