Section 3: Foundational Knowledge: Super Hard

Question 1

Discrimination vs. Generalization

Answer 1

Discrimination

• occurs when a limited spectrum of stimuli occasion a response
• narrow stimulus control
• Ex: child says “mommy” only to her mom and not other women

Generalization

• occurs when a large spectrum of stimuli occasion certain responses
• critical element to survival of species
• Ex: child says “woman” when she sees any female even though they all look different

Question 2

2 Types of Generalization

Answer 2

1. Stimulus Generalization
2. Response Generalization (Response Induction)

Question 3

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 3

• Responding to antecedent stimuli sharing certain aspects of the original S^D; broadening of the spectrum of stimuli that occasion a certain response
• The individual responds to something in the same way that resembles the original thing from which they learned
• 1 response to various S^Ds
• Ex: child sees any animal with a tail and says kitty
• Ex. You say “what’s up” to all of your friends
• To program for stimulus generalization, you want to use multiple exemplars

Question 4

Overgeneralization

Answer 4

(referring to stimulus generalization)

• emitting a response appropriate to some concept in an inappropriate context
• Ex: calling all women mommy

Question 5

Response Generalization

Answer 5

(Response Induction)

• The extent to which an individual exhibits novel responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target response
• The effects of intervention are expanded from a targeted response to a similar non-targeted response
• the form of the response changes but the S^D remains the same
• INDUCTION = INTRODUCTION of new responses
• ex. taught to fold socks into a ball and generalizes to folding them in a knot
• Response generalization is how we SHAPE behavior
  
  • Ex. teaching a child to draw a line. Initially, you will reinforce crooked lines but then will only reinforce closer approximations to a straight line

Question 6

How to Plan for Generalization

Answer 6

• Select Target Behaviors that will meet with Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement
  
  • behaviors must be functional
  • behaviors must generate reinforcers after intervention ends (Relevance of Behavior Rule)
• Specify all desired variations of the behavior and the situations in which it should (and should not) occur after intervention has ended
  
  • ​list all behaviors that need to be changed
  • list all situations and whether it should or should not occur
  • do this in the PLANNING stage

Question 7

Two Types of Contingencies

Answer 7

Naturally Existing Contingency- any contingency of reinforcement or punishment that operates independent of your efforts in the generalization setting

Contrived Contingency - any contingency designed by you to acheive acquistion, maintenace, and/or generalization of a behavior change

Question 8

7 Strategies to Promote Generalization

Answer 8

CLEMING

1. Program Common Stimuli
2. Train Loosely
3. Multiple Exemplars
4. Mediation
5. Indiscriminable Contingencies
6. Negative Teaching Examples
7. General Case Analysis (General Case Strategy)

Question 9

Program Common Stimuli

Answer 9

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

• The likelihood that the correct response will be occasioned in the generalization setting is increased if there is a lot of similarity between the instructional setting and the generalization setting
• ensuring the same S^Ds exist in the instructional and generalization settings
• Ex. if you are teaching someone how to make a purchase in the store, you need to create a mini store in the instructional setting with has many realistic elements as possible

Question 10

Train Loosely

Answer 10

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

• Expanding the heterogeneity of S^Ds
• non critical elements of the teaching setting are altered in arbitrary ways
• Decreases the likelihood narrow or non critical stimulus control occurs
• Methods- teach in different areas of the client’s house, teach wearing different clothes and hair styles, vary your tone of voice when you say S^Ds

Question 11

Multiple Exemplars

Answer 11

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

(Teach Suffcient Examples; Multiple Exemplar Training)

• provide the client with opportunities to respond correctly to multiple examples of antecedent stimuli
  
  • Ex. teach bye, see you later, peace out. and farewell
• provide multiple response examples

Question 12

Mediation

Answer 12

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

• instruct others (MEDIATORS) who will help maintain and generalize the newly acquired behaviors
• ETHICS WARNING: it is your responsibility to collaborate with others to maintain the client’s progress after your services terminate
• Ex. after teaching greetings at home, make sure it is practiced in school with teachers and peers

Question 13

Indiscriminable Contingencies

Answer 13

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

• contingencies in which an individual is NOT able to discriminate (INDISCRIMINABLE) when his/her responses will be reinforced
• this way behaviors continue at a high rate
• making contingencies unclear in the generalization setting
• 2 ways to create:
  
  • Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
    
    • use CRF initially then switch to INT
    • all indiscriminable contingencies involve INT schedules but not all INT schedules are indiscriminable
  • Delayed Rewards

Question 14

Negative Teaching Examples

Answer 14

(one of the 7 Stratigies to Promote Generalization)

• instructing clients regarding settings, times, and conditions in which it is NOT appropriate to dispay a certain behavior
• “don’t do it” exemplars strengthen discrimination skills
• ex. when it’s appropriate to say a dirty joke

Question 15

General Case Analysis

Answer 15

(General Case Strategy)

• Ensuring that you are teaching all the different stimulus variations and response variations the individual may encounter in the generalization, post intervention enviornment
• helps the individual to learn the similarities of stimuli within a stimulus class and the differences of stimuli within that same stimulus class
• Ex. If you are teaching doing laundry, you need to train on multiple laundry machine variations

Question 16

Terminating Successful Interventions

Answer 16

• must systematically terminate successful interventions
• one should assess:
  
  • how intricate the intervention is
  • how quickly did the intervention produce the desired change for the individual
  • the availability of natural contingencies of reinforcement for that newly acquired skill
• from the very beginning, you want to attempt to reduce the need to plan for generalization at the end
• prior to, during, and following an intervention, probe for generalization
• mediators should have responsibility in the generalization process

Question 17

Maintenance

Answer 17

(Response Maintenance)

• following the removal of an intervention, the extent to which a particular response remains in the individual’s repertoire over time
• Program for maintenance:
  
  • use intermittent/variable reinforcement because these schedules are more resistent to extintion

Question 18

Private Events

Answer 18

• events taking place inside the skin
• thoughts and feelings
• private events ARE behaviors too
• they are accessible only to the individual
• ex. headache

Question 19

Verbal Behavior

Answer 19

• Behavior that is reinforced through the mediation of another person’s behavior
  
  • communication that helps individuals get what they desire and avoid what is undesireable
• Verbal behavior is defined by the function of the response, not the topography
• Any response form (vocal, non-vocal, written, sign language, etc) are verbal behavior
• Verbal behavior involves the social interaction between the speaker and listener:
  
  • Speaker- gains access to reinforcement and controls their environment through the behavior of the listener (Skinner’s VB focuses on the listener)
  • Listener- must learn how to reinforce the speaker’s verbal behavior (responds to words and interact with the speaker)

Question 20

Form vs. Function of Verbal Behavior

Answer 20

Form

The formal properties of language involve their topographies (classifying words as nouns, verbs, prepositions, etc)

Function

The effects of the response

Question 21

Verbal Operant Definition and 6 types

Answer 21

• A verbal operant is the unit of analysis in verbal behavior
• MO/S^D → Response → Consequence

6 Types of ELEMENTARY Verbal Operants: EMITTT

1. Echoic
2. Mand
3. Intraverbal
4. Tact
5. Textual
6. Transcription

Question 22

Verbal Repertoire

Answer 22

a set of verbal operants emitted by someone

Question 23

How are verbal operants used as the basis for language assessment?

Answer 23

• You should assess the current effectiveness of each verbal operant your client has
• individual operants constitute the basis for building more advanced language behavior
• start by obtaining information about the client’s mand repoirtoire before moving onto the other elementary operants
• may need to firmly establish repertoires for each verbal operant before moving onto the next
• conduct a VB MAPP
• funtional analysis of verbal behavior is ongoing
• you must demonstrate what the correct source of control should be and how that source can be established

Question 24

Echoic

Answer 24

(Verbal Imitation)

(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

• A type of verbal operant that occurs when the speaker repeats the verbal behavior of another speaker
• repeating, echoicing, vocally imitating
• The echoic operant is controlled by the VERBAL DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS (Verbal S^D)
  
  • ​whatever the speaker said controls what the listener is going to say
• Echoic behavior produces generalized conditioned reinforcement (GCSR)- praise, attention, etc.
• The Verbal S^D has two things in common with the response:
  
  • Point to point correspondence
  • Formal Similarity

Question 25

Point to Point Correspondence

Answer 25

(as related to echoics)

When the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus match the beginning, middle, and end of the response

ex. Saying “fox” as the result of seeing the word “fox” is an example of point-to-point correspondence. It makes no difference whether the stimulus is auditory or visual. It also makes no difference whether the response is vocal or written. Writing “fox” as the result of hearing someone say “fox” still illustrates point-to-point correspondence.

Question 26

Formal Similarity

Answer 26

(as it relates to echoics)

• When the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response share the same sense mode (visual, auditory, tacticle) and phsyically look exactly the same
  
  • can be sign language or written as well

Question 27

Echoic Training

Answer 27

• Echoic training involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal S^Ds that have point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the response
• Goal- enable the speaker to repeat your sounds and eventually transfer the response form to other more advanced verbal operants
• Teach echoics using SHAPING
  
  • the teacher presents a vocal verbal stimulus and reinforcers the individual’s successive approximations toward the sample
    
    • Ex: Teacher says “hat” and differentially reinforces sounds that progressively match the same “h,” “ha,” until “hat” is achieved
• For beinging echoics, choose simple one syllable sounds that are in the client’s repertoire
• Echoics are taught systematically
  
  • start with oral motor imitation- build physical strength (blowing, etc)
• Prompt Levels
  
  • Physical (hands on face to gradually shape mouth formations)

Question 28

Mand

Answer 28

​(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

• A type of verbal operant in which the speaker asks for what they want
• CONTROLLED BY MOs–not S^Ds
  
  • occurs due to a state of deprivation or aversive stimulation
• Manding is reinforced by attaining the manded items
• Allows the listener to infer what EO may be affecting the speaker (“close the window” = the speaker is cold)
• Mands are the first verbal operants acquired by humans

Question 29

Mand Training

Answer 29

• this is the first verbal operant to teach because it is the first we acquire as human beings and it leads to more language development
• Mand training involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of MOs
• How to Initiate Mand Training
  
  • Assess:
    
    • client’s motivation
    • the time when motivation is strong
    • if you can control and contrive the motivation
  • Next, make a list of potential motivators and their reinforcers and select beginning mands:
    
    • items that have strong motivation and do not lose effectiveness quickly
    • items that you can control access to
    • items that can be available for a short period of time initially
    • items that are easy to deliver and/or remove
    • words involving a response form already in the client’s repertoire (e.g. echoic)
• Complex Mands:
  
  • using mands with adjectives and prepositions
  • increased length
  • Manding for:
    
    • information “whats your name”
    • attention “watch me jump”
    • people to do things for you “get me water”

Question 30

2 Types of Mands

Answer 30

• Regular Mand
  
  • mands that can actually be reinforced
• Extended Mand
  
  • emitting mands to objects or animals that cannot possibly supply an appropriate response
    
    • Two types:
      
      • Supersitious Mand
      • Magical Mand

Question 31

Superstitious Mand

Answer 31

• an extended mand in which reinforcement sometimes occurs incidentally
• Ex: your car won’t start and you say, “Come on!” and sometimes it starts so you are intermittently reinforced for manding

Question 32

Magical Mand

Answer 32

• an extended mand in which the reinforcement has NEVER occured in the past
• wishing
• Ex: “I wish I had a million dollars”
• Ex: Telling your cat to make you dinner

Question 33

Intraverbal

Answer 33

​(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

• A verbal operant in which the speaker differentially responds to other people
• answering a question
• The intraverbal operant occurs when a verbal S^D evokes a verbal response that does NOT have point to point correspondence with the verbal stimulus
• allows a person to talk about and think about things that are not physically present
• Intraverbal produces GCSRs
• Ex: Saying “BATCAGE” when asked, What are the seven dimensions of ABA?
• Ex: hearing Skinner and writing Radical Behaviorism

Question 34

Intraverbal Training

Answer 34

• Intraverbal training involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal S^Ds that lack point to point correspondence
• Prerequisites- client must have acquired 50 mands and tacts
• How to teach intraverbal behavior:
  
  • Use prompting, fading, and chaining
  • Focus on the interests of the learner and manipulate the EOs
  • Teach in the natural environment
  • Continue teaching new mands and tacts simultaneously
  • For beginning intraverbal behavior:
    
    • fill in the blanks with favorite songs
    • teaching the client to give their name, gender, etc.
    • Use object and animal sounds
    • Use common associations (you sleep in a…)
    • Wh-questions (what do you eat with?)
  • Intraverbals should be taught systematically
    
    • teaching in the natural environment fosters generalization
    • teach short sessions (1 to 15 minutes)
    • conduct training on the floor, table, playground

Question 35

Tact

Answer 35

​(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

• The tact is a verbal operant in which the speaker names things an actions that the speaker has direct contact with through any of the sense modes
• Labeling the environment when the object, evbent, stimulus is PRESENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• Tacts are controlled by a NONVERBAL S^D
• Produces GCSRs
• Ex. smelling smoke and saying “someone is smoking”
• Ex. seeing a fire truck and saying “fire truck”

Question 36

Tact Training

Answer 36

• Tact training involves brining verbal responses under the functional control of nonverbal S^Ds
• Prerequisites
  
  • Echoics
  • some labeling of vocabulary
  • 5 to 10 mands that occur without echoic prompts
• How to Teach Tacts
  
  • Start with IMPURE TACTS: “what is that?” or “what do you see?”
    
    • it’s part tact and part intraverbal since it has a verbal and non verbal S^D
  • move to PURE TACTS
  • continue mand training simultaneously and intersperse trials
  • for beginning tacts, choose words
    
    • that were used in mand training
    • 3 dimensional nouns that are related to the client
    • nouns that are easy to present and manage in teaching sessions
• Tacts should be taught systematically
  
  • Teach with a mand component- Present a cookie and say “What is it?” and reinforcer with the cookie
  • Teach without a mand component- Present a picture of a cookie and ask “what is it?” and reinforce with something unrelated

Question 37

Tact Extensions

Answer 37

(Extended Tacts)

• there is not one name for one thing; there are many ways to describe the same thing
• a new stimulus being similar to another known stimulus may evoke a response like the original stimulus
• the distinction is based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares features with the original stimulus
• 4 Types: SMMG- studying makes me grim
  
  1. ​​Solistic Extension
  2. Metaphorical Extension
  3. Metonymical Extension
  4. Generic Extension

Question 38

Solistic Extension

Answer 38

(one of the 4 types of extended tacts)

• A tact that is indirectly related to the proper label and that evokes a substandard verbal behavior. A child labeling car, when they are referring to the driver of a car.
• poor use of language
• substandard verbal behavior
• slang
• Ex. “You speak good”
• Ex. “That m&m eats yummy”

Question 39

Metaphorical Extension

Answer 39

(one of the 4 types of extended tacts)

• Metaphors
• The novel stimulus shares some but not all of the features associated with the original stimulus
• Ex. His heart is as black as coal
• Ex. That m&m is as sweet as pie

Question 40

Metonymical Extension

Answer 40

(one of the 4 types of extended tacts)

• Verbal responses to novel stimuli that share NONE of the relvant features of the original stimulus, but some irrelvant but RELATED feature has acquired stimulus control
• Ex. saying water when shown an empty cup
• saying bag when shown an m&m

Question 41

Generic Extension

Answer 41

(one of the 4 types of extended tacts)

GENeric = GENeralization

• the novel stimulus shares ALL of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus
• this is the same thing as stimulus generalization
• Ex: Saying “Winchell’s donut shop is closed” when looking at a dunkin donus closed sign
• saying “skittle” when shown an m&m

Question 42

Textual

Answer 42

​(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

• Reading without any implications that the reader understand what is being read
  
  • (understanding involves intraverbal behavior and receptive language)
• The textual operant occurs when a verbal S^D has point to point correspondence but NO formal similarity between the stimulus and the response
• Produces GCSRs
• Ex. seeing the written word pizza and saying “pizza”

Question 43

Transcription

Answer 43

​(one of the 6 elementary verbal operants)

Transcribe = Transcription

• writing and spelling words spoken to you
• DICTATION
• The transcription operant occurs when a spoken verbal S^D controls a written, typed, or finger spelled response.
• There is point to point correspondence between the stimulus and the response but NO formal similarity
• Ex. hearing “Yetti” and writing yetti on a piece of paper

Question 44

How to figure out which verbal operant is depected in a test question

Answer 44

Look at the antecedent and consequent variables

• all produce GCSRs except for mands which produce the item manded for
• Mand is the only one under the control of an MO
• Tact is under the control of a NONVERBAL S^D
• Intraverbal, Transcription, Echoic are all under the control of a VERBAL S^D
• Textual is under the control of a visual or tactile stimulus

Question 45

Codic

Answer 45

CODIC = CODE

a code has point to point correspondence but NO formal similarity

• 3 Defining Features
  
  • Verbal S^D: the response form is controlled by a verbal stimulus
  • has point to point correspondence
  • does NOT have formal similarity
• TEXTUAL and TRANSCRIPTION are CODICS
  
  • Textual: seeing written word “armadillo” and speaking “armadillo”
    
    • Verbal S^D- yes, the written text is the verbal S^D
    • Point to Point Correspondence- yes, the beginning, middle, and end of both the written and the spoken word “armadillo” match
    • Formal Similarity- NO, two different sense modes- written and spoken
  • Transcription: hearing “FTS” and writing, typing, finger spelling “FTS”
    
    • Verbal S^D- yes, hearing “FTS” is the verbal S^D
    • Point to Point Correspondence- yes, the beginning, middle, and end of both the spoken phrase “FTS” and written word match
    • Formal Similarity- NO, two different sense modes- spoken and written
• Another Example: Reading a book written in braille aloud

Question 46

Duplic

Answer 46

DUPLIC = DUO

DUPLIC = DUPLICATE

It’s a duo of both point to point correspondence and formal similarity

• 3 Defining Features:
  
  • Verbal SD: the response form is controlled by a verbal stimulus
  • has point to point correspondence
  • has formal similarity
• ​ECHOIC is a duplic- hear “OMFG” and say “OMFG”
  
  • Verbal SD- yes, the spoken word is the verbal SD
  • Point to Point Correspondence- yes, the beginning, middle, and end match
  • Formal Similarity- yes, the same sense mode- spoken
• Another example is imitating someone else’s sign language

Question 47

Listener Training

Answer 47

• often the speaker and listener are the same person
  
  • this means the listener behaves simultaneously as a speaker
    
    • conversations–the speaker asks a question, then the lister responds by providing an intraverbal or echoic–so now the listener is acting as the speaker
• a verbal episode requires a speaker and listener
• The role of the listener is as a mediator of reinforcement for the speaker’s behavior
• The listener acts as an S^D for the speaker’s behavior–the audience for verbal behavior
• UNDERSTANDING- Skinner’s term for a certain type of listener behavior in which the listener provides a non-verbal response to a verbal S^D
  
  • Ex. speaker: shut the door. listener shuts the door
  • Ex. speaker: point to red. listener points to red.

Question 48

Autoclitic

Answer 48

Auto = Self

• Verbal behavior about one’s own verbal behavior
• A SECONDARY verbal operant in which some aspect of a speaker’s own verbal behavior functions as an S^D or MO for additional speaker verbal behavior
• A form of verbal behvior that modifies other forms of verbal behavior
• Effects are very RAPID and usually occur in the emission of a SINGLE SENTENCE composed of two levels of responding
• Ex. A primary intraverbal, such as an answer to the question about the sale of a product may contain an autoclitic, as in, “I’m sure you’ll be please with the sale,” in which, “I’m sure you’ll be pleased” is controlled by the same MO that might control the response “Don’t ask me for any details about the sale.”
• Ex. Child and father are secretly wrapping mom’s Christmas present… the child’s statement, “I see mommy!” contains an autoclitic. The primary verbal operant (the tact) is the nonverbal S^D of (A) the child’s mother, (B) the response, “mommy,” and (C) the associated reinforcement history. The secondary verbal operant (which is the autoclitic tact) is the speaker’s tact informing that a nonverbal S^D evoked the primary verbal operant. The nonverbal S^D was the visual stimulus of the child’s mother and the response, “I see” informs the listener of the source of control that evoked the primary tact. It’s also saying, “we better hurry up and hide this present.”
• Ex. “Don’t look now, but I think I see Wendy with her new girlfriend.” The autoclitic involves verbal responses for which the functional properties of the speaker’s ongoing verbal behavior provide the S^D such as “Who is she?”

Question 49

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 49

• a rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement
  
  • the environmental arrangements that determine conditions by which behaviors will be reinforced
• continuous reinforcement (CRF), intermittent reinforcement (INT) and extinction (EXT)

Question 50

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 50

• CRF provides reinforcement for every occurrence of the target behavior.
• Utilized for strengthening novel behaviors when teaching is first initiated for a new skill that is being acquired
• Ex. FR1 schedule
• Ex. flipping on a light switch turns on the light every time

Question 51

Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 51

• in INT, some but not all behaviors are reinforced
• used for maintaining behaviors that have already been acquired
• helsp to fade from artificial to natural reinforcement
• Ex. lottery, slot machines, finding parking at Trader Joes

Question 52

4 Basic Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 52

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Question 53

4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement Graph

Answer 53

Question 54

Fixed Ratio

Answer 54

FRench Staircase

• one of the basic schedules of INT
• Fixed = constant, set criteria
• Ratio = a certain number of occurrences of the behavior have to occur before one response produces reinforcement
• Ex. FR4: reinforcement is delivered after every 4th correct response
• Pattern of Responding:
  
  • client completes required responses with little hesitation
  • Post reinforcement pause follows reinforcement
    
    • occurs when the individual does not respond for certain time following reinforcement
    • the size of the ratio influences the duration of the post reinforcement pause
      
      • large ratios = long pauses
      • short ratios = short pauses
• Rates of Responding Procued by FR Schedules
  
  • FR schedules often produce high rates of response because quick responding produce a faster rate of reinforcement.
  • the larger the ratio requirement, the higher the rate of response

Question 55

Fixed Ratio Graph

Answer 55

the only graph with steps - FRench Staircase

A = post reinforcement pause

B = high rate of responding

C = contingency is met and reinforcement is provided

Question 56

Variable Ratio

Answer 56

The STRONGEST basic schedule

VR = VERY ROBUST

• Variable = changing, variable criteria; average; mean of responses
• Ratio = a number of occurences of the target behavior have to occur before one response produces reinforcement
• ex. VR4: reinforcement is delivered after an AVERAGE of every fourth correct response
• ex. slot machines
• Pattern of Responding:
  
  • produces consistent, high, steady rates of responses
  • does NOT produce a post reinforcement pause–there’s no information about when the next response will produce reinforcement, so responding continues
• Rate of response produced:
  
  • fast rate of response (like FR schedules)
  • the larger the ratio requirement, the faster the rate of response (like FR schedules)

Question 57

Variable Ratio Graph

Answer 57

the steepest graph: the Vegas graph

VR = VERY ROBUST

A = high rate of responding

B = contingency is met and reinforcement is provided

Question 58

Fixed Interval

Answer 58

FI = FISH Scallops

• one of the basic schedules of INT reinforcement
  
  • Fixed = constant set criteria
  • Interval = specific amount of time elapses before a single correct response produces reinforcement
  • ex. FI 5: reinforcement is delivered after the first correct response that occurs after 5 minutes has elapsed
• Pattern of responding:
  
  • produces post reinforcement pause only during the early part of the interval
  • at the end of the interval there is an FI SCALLOP which is a graudually accelerating rate of responding toward the end of the interval
• Rate of response produced:
  
  • slow to moderate
  • the larger the fixed interval requirement, the longer the post reinforcement pause

Question 59

Fixed Interval Graph

Answer 59

FI = FISH Scallops

the slowest rate of responding graph

• the beginning of the scallop is the post reinforcement pause
• the end of the scallop is the increase in responding
• ex. weekly tests on Mondays. You’re not going to study at all on Tuesdays = post reinforcement pause
  
  • On Friday, you’ll start studying
  • on Saturday, you’ll start studying more
  • and study a whole lot on Sunday = end of scallop

Question 60

Variable Interval

Answer 60

VIP - Very Important Pop Quiz

• one the basic schedules of INT reinforcement
  
  • variable = changing, variable criteria; average; mean of responses
  • interval = specific amount of time elapses before a single correct response produces reinforcement
  • Ex. VI 12: reinforcement is delivered after the first correct response that occurs after an AVERAGE of 12 minutes.
• Pattern of responding
  
  • constant, stable rate of response
  • few hesitations between responses–no post reinforcement pause
• Rate of responding produced:
  
  • low to moderate rate of response
  • the larger the average interval, the lower the overall rate of responding

Question 61

Variable Interval Graph

Answer 61

VIP - Very Important Pop Quiz

steady responding because you never know when that pop quiz will be

Question 62

Fixed Ratio vs. Fixed Interval

Answer 62

• both produce post reinforcement pauses
• variable schedules DO NOT have these pauses

Question 63

Thinning Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 63

(Schedule Thinning)

• gradutally increasing the response ratio or the duration of the time interval
• Ex. thinning from CRF to an FR2 or VR3
• increasing numbers = thinning schedule

Question 64

Ratio Strain

Answer 64

• a result of abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from desner to thinner reinforcement schedules
• common behavioral charcteristics are avoidance, aggression, etc.
• Ex. after abrupty moving from an FR1 to an FR20, the client displays ratio strain in the form of non compliance
• Schedules must be thinned slowly to reduce ratio strain

Question 65

Limited Hold

Answer 65

Limited Hold = Limited Time

• a restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that to be eligible for reinforcement, the primed response (the first response following termination of the required interval) must occur within a specified span of time following that interval
• an LH can be imposed on any type of schedule
• LH is used to speed up the response rate of the client
• Ex. FR5 with LH 2 minutes: the person must complete the five tasks correctly within two munutes

Question 66

3 Variations of Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 66

HDL- heavy duty love

• Schedules of Differential Reinforcement of Rates of Responding
  
  • use when the challenging behavior has to do with rates of response (not enough or too much)
  • it is a variation of RATIO schedules–reinforcement is contingent upon behaviors occurring at higher or lower rates that a specified criterion
  • 3 Variations:
    
    • DRH - High Rates
    • DRD - Diminishing Rates
    • DRL - Low

Question 67

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Responding

Answer 67

DRH

• A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for emitting behaviors that are at or above a preestablished rate
• DRH helps to increase behavior that the individual displays too infrequently
• Ex. Child attends school 2 times per week, so you use a DRH to reinforce him when he attends school 4 times per week

Question 68

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates of Responding

Answer 68

DRD

• A schedule that provides reinforcement when the number of responses in a specificed time period is less than, or equal to, a prescribed limit
• DRD helps to decrease behavior that the individual displays too frequently, but not eliminate it entirely
• Ex. Child eats too fast. Implement a DRD so that she can earn reinforcement after taking only 10 bites of food in 5 minutes
• Exam Hint: always described in rate/frequency form

Question 69

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior

Answer 69

DRL

(Spaced Responding DRL)

• a schedule that provides reinforcement only if the behavior occurs follwing a specific period of time during which it DID NOT OCCUR OR SINCE THE LAST TIME IT OCCURED
• An interresponse time (IRT) identifies the duration of time that occurs between two responses
• IRT and Rate of Response are functionally related:
  
  • the longer the IRT, the lower the overall rate of responding
  • the shorter the IRT, the higher the overall rate of responding
  • Thus, by increasing IRT, you are lowering the rate of responding
• DRL helps to decrease behavior but not to elminiate it entirely
• Ex. Child eats too fast. Implement a DRL so that she can only earn reinforcement if she pauses 10 seconds between bites
• Exam Hint: if it uses IRT, it’s a DRL. (if it’s rate, its DRD)

Question 70

Progressive Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 70

• a variation on basic INT schedules of reinforcement
• systematically thins each sucessive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participant’s behavior
• In assessment: progressive schedules are used to identify reinforcers that will maintain treatment effects across increasing schedule requirements.
  
  • during the session, progressive schedules are thinned to the breaking point when the client stops responding. comparing the breaking points and corresponding number of respones associated with each reinforcer can identify relative reinforcement effects
• In treatment: use progressive schedules to systematically increase the requirements for reinforcement.
  
  • may be used to measure the strength, potency, or effectiveness of scheduled reinforcers
• There is a direct relationship bewtween the breaking point (largest ratio completed under a progressive schedule) and the potency of the reinforcer

Question 71

7 Compound Schedules of Rienforcement

Answer 71

Combination of:

• continuous reinforcement (CRF)
• 4 basic intermittent schedules- FR, VR, FI, VI
• Differential reinforcement of various rates of responding- DRD, DRL, DRH
• Extinction (EXT)

CMCMTAC - C’mon C’mon take a chance

1. Concurrent (conc)
2. Multiple (mult)
3. Chained (chain)
4. Mixed (mix)
5. Tandem (tand)
6. Alternative (alt)
7. Conjunctive (conj)

Question 72

Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 72

• occurs when
  
  • (A) two or more contingencies of reinforcement
  • (B) operate independently and simultaneously
  • (C) for two or more behaviors
• CHOICE MAKING
• Matching law is a part of this schedule
• Ex. Your client likes to eat alone at lunch, but you want him to eat with his peers. You use a conc FR1 FI 7. He has a choice to make between two behaviors:
  
  • 1. interacting with others which is on an FR1 schedule in which he can earn 3 hours of video game time
  • 2. sitting alone which is on an FI 7 schedule in which he can earn 30 minutes of video game time

Question 73

Matching Law

Answer 73

(Matching Theory)

• a description of a phenomenon accroding to which organisms MATCH their responses accroding to the proportion of payoff during CHOICE situations
• Matching law states that when given two concurretnly available response alternatives, individuals will distribute their behvior in the same proportion that reinforcers are distributed among those alternatives
  
  • So, given two concurrently avaialbe behaviors, we will choose to engage in the behavior that has the highest rate of reinforcement
• FORMULA
• Ex. If a behavior is reinforced 60% of the time in one sutation and 40% of the time in another, the behavior tends to occur 60% of the time in the first situation and 40% of the time in the second situation.

Question 74

Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 74

• Mult schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence for one or more behaviors
• the basic schedules within the mult schedule occur successively and independently
• An S^D is correlated with each basic schedule and is present as long as the schedule is in effect
• Ex. mult VR 5 VI 2 schedule: Math with teacher at school on a VR 5 schedule AND tutor at home on a VI 2. The teacher and the tutor are the different S^Ds

Question 75

Chained Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 75

• has two or more basic schedule requirements that occur successively and have an S^D correlated with each independent schedule with one or more behaviors
• 3 elements
  
  • basic schedules occur in a specific order (vs random in mult schedules)
  • the behavior may be the same for all elements of the chain or different behaviors may be required for different elements in the chain
  • conditioned reinforcement for the first behaivor in the chain is the presentation of the second element and so on
• Ex. chain FR 15 VI 3: getting gas in your car in your car entails 15 steps that requires completion in a specific order and must be completed AFTER 3 minutes to earn reinforcement

Question 76

Mixed Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 76

• Identifical to multiple schedules, except the mixed schedule has NO S^D correlated with the independent schedules
• the only difference between the mixed and multiple schedule is the presentation of the S^Ds
• Ex. mix FR 10 FI 1: reinforcement sometimes occurs after the completion of 10 responses and sometimes occurs after a 1 minute interval from the preceding reinforcement. Since there is no S^D, the individual is not sure what schedule is in effect at any given time

Question 77

Tandem Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 77

• Similar to the cianed schedule except the tandem schedule does not use an S^D
• An unsignaled chain
• Ex. tand FI 1 FR 5: reinforcement occurs after, first, 1 minute goes by AND THEN the person starts to respond FR 5. The person’s 5th correct response is when they recieve reinforcement

Question 78

Alternative Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 78

• provides reinforcement when the requirement of EITHER a ratio OR interval schedule is met regardless of which of the component schedule requirements is met first
• EITHER/OR schedule
• Ex. alt FR 50 FI 5: reinforcement is given whenever either of these two conditions are met
  
  • 50 correct responses AND/OR
  • the first correct response after an elapse of 5 minutes

Question 79

Conjunctive Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 79

• provides reinforcement when the completion of the response requirements for BOTH a ratio and interval schedule have been met
• the BOTH schedule
• Ex. conj FI 2 FR 50: reinforcement is given with BOTH 2 mintues have elapsed AND 50 correct responses have been made

Question 80

Adjunctive Behaviors

Answer 80

(Schedule-Induced Behaviors)

• behaviors that are brought about by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered
• TIME-FILLING or INTERIM berhaviors (doodling, smoking, drinking, etc.)
• HINT: Adjunct professor is a FILLER or INTERIM professor

Question 81

Schedules of Punishment

Answer 81

• same as the schedules of reinforcement
• ETHICS WARNING: you should recommend reinforcement rather than punishment when ever possible and if punishment procedures are necessary, you always include reinforcement procedures for alternative behavior in the program and you should always recommend the least restrictive procedures likely to be effective