Section 5

Question 1

Learning and memory may be referred to as different aspects of the same

Answer 1

neuroplasticity

Question 2

Lashley’s experiments with rats concluded that

Answer 2

mnemonic functions are diffusely and equally represented in the brain

Question 3

Thompson’s studies on classical conditioning demonstrated

Answer 3

the association between a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus; pairing the two changes the response to the formerly neural stimulus called a conditioned response

Question 4

Studies of eyeblink conditioning in rabbits determine that the _____ is the enegram for this memory

Answer 4

cerebellum

Question 5

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Memory Model demonstrates

Answer 5

there are three stages of memory; beginning with sensory input => sensory register => short-term storage => long-term memory

Question 6

Different types of memory

Answer 6

Sensory memory
Short-term
Long-Term
Working Memory

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

a copy of sensory info that you have just processed; very short lasting
thought to be “stored” in the associated primary sensory areas

Question 8

Short-Term Memory

Answer 8

immediate or primary memory
words you have just seen or heard; short lasting
limited capacity

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

mental arithmetic; “online storage” of info while working with it or attending to it
severely limited capacity

Question 10

Long-Term Memory

Answer 10

secondary or permanent memory; long-lasting with rehearsal
virtually unlimited capacity

Question 11

Why is rehearsal important for long-term memory?

Answer 11

Rehearsal creates synapses

Question 12

Consolidation of long-term memories

Answer 12

Short-term => Long-Term
emotional responses can enhance consolidation

Question 13

Different types of LTM

Answer 13

explicit (episodic and semantic) - knowing facts
implicit - knowing how

Question 14

Working memory is typically best in what population?

Answer 14

Adolescents and young adults

Question 15

STM and Working memory are thought to be mediated by

Answer 15

the prefrontal cortex

Question 16

Interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex produce what kind of memory?

Answer 16

Episodic

Question 17

Interactions between the basil ganglia, cerebellum, and neocortex produce what kind of memory and learning?

Answer 17

procedural memory, classical conditioning, and semantic memory

Question 18

Interactions between the parahippocampal gyrus and neocortex produce what kind of memory and learning?

Answer 18

familiarity and priming

Question 19

How can we experimentally distinguish between STM and LTM?

Answer 19

Nature of representation
Stability/Duration
Capacity
Brain Region

Question 20

Explicit memory is associated with which brain region

Answer 20

medial temporal

Question 21

Implicit memory is associated with which brain region

Answer 21

neocortex

Question 22

What is amnesia?

Answer 22

the inability to retain information for longer than a few minutes. Typically considered long-term memory impairment

Question 23

Amnesia is caused by

Answer 23

damage to parts of the brain vital to memory consolidation, storage, processing, and recall

Question 24

The effects of amnesia vary by

Answer 24

brain region

Question 25

What did the H.M. case study illustrate about H.M.’s post-surgery abilities?

Answer 25

after having the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex removed his STM was normal but his LTM was damaged. He could not form memories for new events so he had anterograde amnesia, more specifically explicit memory deficit

Question 26

H.M.’s case demonstrated

Answer 26

there are small regions (medial temporal lobes) with different effects therefore mnemonic functions are NOT equally represented; first evidence that there are different kinds of memory

Question 27

The process involved in the different modes of storage for STM and LTM is referred to as

Answer 27

memory consolidation

Question 28

Issues with memory consolidation

Answer 28

inability to transfer the information in STM to LTM

Question 29

How is explicit memory used in our behavioral control?

Answer 29

explicit memory provides flexibility and control over our behavior; it allows you to apply learned skills in any context

Question 30

Which kind of amnesia does H.M. have?

Answer 30

Explicit memory Deficit
Anterograde Amnesia

Question 31

H.M. had particular trouble with which kind of LTM?

Answer 31

Memory for new events
Memory consolidation

Question 32

We know that H.M.’s implicit memory is intact because of his performance on which tests?

Answer 32

Mirror-drawing and Rotary-pursuit tests

Question 33

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Answer 33

thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcohol consumption; related to retrograde and anterograde amnesia due to damage to the medial diencephalon and PFC

Question 34

PFC memory deficits

Answer 34

damage to the PFC associated with temporal ordering and working memory (e.g. Schizophrenia); poor performance on self-ordering task and remembering sequences of events

Question 35

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by

Answer 35

acetylcholine and extensive neural degeneration

Question 36

What have we learned from studying people with amnesia?

Answer 36

many different kinds of memory, modes or memory, and different brain regions associated with memory

Question 37

What are the limitations of studying amnesia?

Answer 37

Lesions are not specific, findings may not be generalizable, difficult to control

Question 38

Amnesia is always a short-term memory deficit (True/False)

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Amnesia is usually has deep retrograde effects (True/False)

Answer 39

False. It is very uncommon to completely forget childhood

Question 40

Amnesia does not involve problems with learning after injury (True/False)

Answer 40

False. Anterograde impairment is a common form of amnesia

Question 41

Animal studies of MTL function demonstrate

Answer 41

monkeys with lesions have normal performance at short delays but perform at chance levels with longer delays compared to control monkeys

Question 42

Which part of the MTL is really important for object recognition?

Answer 42

Rhinal cortex seems to play a more critical role in object recognition

Question 43

Hippocampus seems to play a critical role in remembering _____ and _____

Answer 43

spatial locations; navigating through space

Question 44

How does the hippocampus represent spatial information?

Answer 44

place cells found in the hippocampus fire more when the animal is in a specific location allowing you to create maps of the environment