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Apes > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Positive keeps going, while negative is a cycle

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2
Q

What is the equation of doubling time?

A

70/r r= rate of growth

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3
Q

Out of all the cycles, which one does not have an atmospheric component.

A

The phosphorous cycle.

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4
Q

What is a linear, exponential, and logistic growth graphs?

A

Linear= constant going up Exponential= does not have a limiting capacity Logistic= stops at the carrying capacity and sometimes wavers a bit until it settles down in equilibrium.

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5
Q

What is macro and micro evolution?

A

Macro= when evolution is at a large scale Micro= when evolution only happens to a small group

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6
Q

How are coral reefs being threatened?

A

Pollution Overfishing Coral bleaching

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7
Q

List the Soil horizons from top to bottom

A

O, A, B, C

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8
Q

What is boimagnification and bioaccumulation

A

Bio-magnification is having to do with unnatural substances, or chemicals that do not exist in nature. Accumulation deals with the increased concentration of things that already available in nature.

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9
Q

Most of the freshwater available on Earth is located in….

A

Glaciers

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10
Q

What can overgrazing do to biomes?

A

Desertification

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11
Q

What is the difference between nonpoint and point sources?

A

Nonpoint are too broad and can’t be located while point sources can be tracked down like smokestacks from companies/factories

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12
Q

What are some nutrients that have an end effect of eutrophication?

A

Nitrates and phosphates

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13
Q

Tell me about Earth’s Core

A

Inner core= made out of molten lava, liquidy Outer= solidified part of the core

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14
Q

What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?

A

A rock is made out of more than one mineral

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15
Q

Which form of rock is created by enormous amount of pressure

A

Metamorphic

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16
Q

What are 3 predation defenses

A

Chemical Camouflage Behavior

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17
Q

What is replacement level fertility

A

It is the amount of kids that replace the elderly

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18
Q

What is intercropping and monoculture?

A

Intercroping= growing several crops at the same time Monoculture= growing the same crop in a large field

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19
Q

What is synergy and what makes it different from 2+2=4?

A

Occurs when two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the original

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20
Q

What is the formula of Growth rate?

A

(Births+ immigration)- (deaths + emigration)

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21
Q

What is the deepest Lake annd Ocean zones

A

Lake= Benthic

Ocean= Abyss

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22
Q

What is el nino

A

an irregularly occurring and complex series of climatic changes affecting the equatorial Pacific region and beyond every few years, characterized by the appearance of unusually warm, nutrient-poor water off northern Peru and Ecuador, typically in late December.

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23
Q

Why are mountain ecosystems ecologically important to the environment

A

They hold many forests and stop much eriosion. they block wind from reaching the other sides.

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24
Q

Environmental science is the study of

A

Interdisiplinary humans interract and nuliving thiger

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25
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The proses humanbody goes trough to maintain body temperature

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26
Q

Define synergy

A

occurs when two or mare proceses interact so that the conbined effect is grater than the original

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27
Q

Define and give two examples of renewable resource

A

is a replenished on a human time scale for example fresh air and fertile soil

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28
Q

During cultural revolutions (like the agricultural and industrial revolutions

A

The food supply increase

life expectancy increased

living standards increased

death rates decreased

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29
Q

If the growth rate od a country is 2%, how long would it take the population to double?

A

70 is the constand 70/2 =35 years

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30
Q

Growth rate is equal

A

births + imigration -deaths - emigration

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31
Q

what 2 countries have the largest populations?

A

China and India

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32
Q

What type of countries represent a higher percentage of the world’s population?

A

Developing countries

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33
Q

What type of countries have the higher percentage of the world’s resource use?

A

Developed countries

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34
Q

What type of countries have a pyramid-shaped histogram?

A

Developing countries

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35
Q

What type of countries have the higher percent of the world’s pollution waste?

A

Developing countries

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36
Q

What type of countries have a higher percent of population growth?

A

Developing countries

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37
Q

What type of countries the higher percent of the world’s wealth and income?

A

Developed countries

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38
Q

What type of countries are India and Kenia?

A

Developing countries

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39
Q

What type of countries have a higher percentage of elderly people/

A

Developed countries

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40
Q

What type of countries have higher status for women?

A

Developed countries

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41
Q

Subsistence agriculture is common in what type of countries?

A

Developing countries

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42
Q

What 2 countries have the largest populations?

A

China and India (over 35% of the world’s population)

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43
Q

Describe the first agricultural communities

A

The first agricultural communities, until approximately 12000 years ago, were composed of hunter-gather system. Men would hunt for most and animals by products

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44
Q

Define and give and example of kinetic energy

A

Is moving energy for example wind and water (waterfall)

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45
Q

Define and give and example of potential energy

A

stored and potentially available for use for example

rack held in a hand

unlit match

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46
Q

Define the 1 st law of Thermodynamics

A

Law od conservation energy the energy can either be created not destroyed for example force in space

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47
Q

Define the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

when energy changes from ane form to another.end up with lower quality of energy for example light gives of head

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48
Q

Energy flows in one direction

A

Matter cycles

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49
Q

Which nutrient cycle has no atmospheric component?

A

Phosphorous cycle

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50
Q

Define the term of precipitation

A

Forms of water falling back to earth

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51
Q

Define the term of runoff

A

After precipitation. flows into rivers/steams and other major bodies of water

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52
Q

Define the term of transpiration

A

When water form trees evaporates

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53
Q

Define the term of evaporation

A

when water form places such as rivers, lakes is turned into water vapor

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54
Q

Define the term of water table

A

Upper surface of the zone of saturation in which all available pores in the rock absorbs in it

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55
Q

Define the steps of the nitrogen cycle of nutrification

A

A two step process in which specialized soil bacteria convert NH3 and NH2t into nitrate ions No3 which can be taken by plants. they use it for multiple purposes

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56
Q

Define the steps of the nitrogen cycle of ammonification

A

Vast armies of speciallzed decomposer bacteria converts detritus into simpler nitrogen compounds

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57
Q

Define the steps of the nitrogen cycle of denitrification

A

Specialized bacteria in waterlogged soil and in the bottom sediments of lakes, oceans and swamps. It turns it back into nitrite and nitride ions.

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58
Q

Competition

A

Defitinion: Two or more individual organisms of a single specie or two or more individuals of different species, attempting to use some resources.

Example: Tree growing

Example: Wolves and rabbits competing for water resources

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59
Q

Predation

A

Definition: An interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefit from the others

Example: Ephiphyte

Example: Silverfish and army ants

Example: Wolves and sheep

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60
Q

Mutualism

A

Definition: Both species benefit from each other

Example: Bees and flowers

Example: Clownfish and sea anemone

Example: Sharks and remora

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61
Q

Parasitism

A

Definition: A symbiotic relationship where only one party benefits from the other

Example: Tapeworm

Example: Mosquitoes

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62
Q

Commensalism

A

Definition: An interaction between species in which one obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.

Example: Silverfish

Example: Epiphytes

Example: Remoras

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63
Q

Autotroph

A

Definition: Produces own nutrients

Example: Plants

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64
Q

Heterotroph

A

Definition: Organisms that feed to consume nutrients

Example: Lion

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65
Q

Producer

A

Definition: Organism which is capable of producing complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules

Example: Algae

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66
Q

Primary consumer

A

Definition: Plant eater, eat producers

Example: Rabbit

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67
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Definition: Organism that feeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a food chain.

Example: Hyena

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68
Q

Herbivore

A

Definition: Organism that eats only plants

Example: Grasshopper

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69
Q

Carnivore

A

Definition: Organism that eats only meat

Example: Lion

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70
Q

Omnivore

A

Definition: Organism that eats meat and plants

Example: Humans

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71
Q

Scavenger

A

Definition: Organism that feeds on the remaining scraps of food

Example: Vulture

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72
Q

Decomposer

A

Definition: Bacteria that releases nutrients

Example: Fungi

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73
Q

Detritus feeder

A

Definition: Feeds on waste and dead animals

Example: Crabs, termites

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74
Q

Explain what food chains are rarely longer than five organisms?

A

This is because a lot of energy is lost at each step. After about three steps, very little energy is still available for use by living organisms. This also explains why there are few organisms at the top of food chains, compared with those lower down.

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75
Q

Name two ecosystems with high net primary productivity per unit area

A

Estuaries

Rainforest

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76
Q

Name two ecosystems with low net primary productivity per unit area

A

Ocean

Desert

77
Q

Macroevolution

A

When evolution is on the larger scale

78
Q

Microevolution

A

When evolution has a smaller change in population

79
Q

Coevolution

A

When two species interact with each other for a long time cause each other to evolve

80
Q

Gene pool

A

Sum total of all genes founf in the infibiduals for a long time

81
Q

Geographic isolation

A

When a physical boundary insolades species

82
Q

Natural selection

A

Theory that says the best adapted species will survive

83
Q

Niche

A

Role of an organism wthin its ecosystem that allows that ecosystem to survive and function efficiently

84
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

85
Q

Cities are warmer than the forest at the same latitude

A

Microclimate

86
Q

The leeward side of a mountain is drier than the windward side of the mountain

A

Rainshadow effect

87
Q

Ecosystem located near lage bodies of water tend to be warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer when compared to a similar ecosystems

A

That are located near lage bodies of water

88
Q

The two most important factors in determining climate are temperature and

A

Precipitation

89
Q

During El Nino the atlantic ocean current near the equator stops or reverses and flows to the

A

East when this occurs the upwellings of cold /warm nutrient rich are suppressed

90
Q

List 3 threat to coral reefs

A

Pollution

Overfishing

Coral bleaching

91
Q

Explain why mountain ecosystem are ecologically important

A

They help many forest and stop much erosion , they black wind from reaching

92
Q

Eutrophic lake are high in nutrientes and low in

A

dissolved oxygen

93
Q

Eutrophic lake are

A

Cloudy

94
Q

oligotrophic lakes are loe in nutientes and high in

A

Dissolved oxygen

95
Q

Oligotrophic lakes are

A

Clear

96
Q

Where are the lake limnetic life zone are?

A

Location: open sunlit surface layers of lake

97
Q

Where are the lake littoral life zone are?

A

shallow shore cans

98
Q

Where are the profundal lake life zone are?

A

Deep open water

99
Q

Where are the benthic lake life zone are?

A

Is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as a lake, including the sediment surface

100
Q

Where are Euphotic ocean life zone are?

A

Location: Open sea, sunlight

101
Q

Where are Coastal ocean life zone are?

A

Location: Near coast sunlight

102
Q

Where are Bathyl ocean life zone are?

A

Location: Deep ocean little sunlight

103
Q

Where are abyssal ocean life zone are?

A

Location: Botton of the ocean

104
Q

Poor soil because the nutrients are rapidly absorbed

A

Tropical rain forest

105
Q

Succulent plants

A

Desert

106
Q

Boreal forest

A

Taiga

107
Q

Fire adopted community near coast

A

Chaparral

108
Q

leaves change colors and falls off the trees

A

Taiga

109
Q

Permafrost

A

Tundra

110
Q

large herds of grazing animals and their predators;threatened by desertification

A

Savana

111
Q

High copetition resulted in the evolution od many specialized species

A

Tropical rain forest

112
Q

Much od this biome has been converted for agricultural use because of its exellent soil

A

Temperate grassland

113
Q

Needle like evergreen leaves

A

Taiga

114
Q

Cold temperatures and loe rainfall

A

Tundra

115
Q

Most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystem

A

Tropical rain forest

116
Q

Endemic

A

Definition: species that are only found in one aren. vulnerable to extintion

example:Konla

117
Q

Exotic

A

Species that migrate into an ecosistem or are deliberathor accidently introduced

example:Kudau vine

118
Q

Keystone

A

Definition:Species that plant roles affecting many others organisms in a ecossistem

119
Q

Generalist

A

Definition: Species whit a broad ecological niche , they can live in many different paces eat a variet of foods and tolerate a wide range of enviromental conditions

exemplo: cockroach

120
Q

Specialist

A

Definition:marrow ecolgical niche. live only kind of habitad

Example:Humans

121
Q

R-strategist

A

Definition:Reproduce early in life when that do it is large number or to increase the change of survival

Example: Rabbits

122
Q

K-Strategist

A

Definition: Species that produce few on long periods of time. These usually reach reproductive age.

Example: Whales

123
Q

Characteristics of vegetation found in EARLY successional stage ecosystems

A

In the early stage vegetation is made of large amounts of mosses and lichen. Lend to richer soils and larger variety of vegetation

124
Q

Characteristics of vegetation found in LATE successional stage ecosystems

A

In the late stage, an ecosystem vegetation largerly consists of scrubs and grasses which eventually led to trees

125
Q

O-horizon

A

Leaf litter

126
Q

A-Horizon

A

Top soil

127
Q

B-Horizon

A

Subsoil

128
Q

C-Horizon

A

Parent material

129
Q

What are the 2 properties of substances taht biomagnify and bioaccumulate

A

Fat

Slowly degrades

130
Q

Name 2 substances that biomagnify and bioaccumulate

A

DDT

PCB

131
Q

What is the difference between biomagnification and bioaccumulation?

A

Biomagnification having to do with unnatural substances or chemicals that do not exist in nature.

Bioaccumulation deals with the increased concentration of things that are already in nature.

132
Q

List 3 properties of water

A

High specific heat index

High surface tension

Common solvent

133
Q

List the top 3 uses of water, starting with the greatest

A

Agriculture

Industrial

Parasitic

134
Q

What are the environmental effects of excessive ground water withdrawal

A

Excessive ground water withdrawal is detrimental because it can cause:

drying up of wells

reduction of water in streams and lakes

deterioration of water quality

increased pumping costs

land subsidence

135
Q

Most fresh water is ….

A

Frozen in glaciers in the two poles

136
Q

What is the most important cause of dessertification

A

Overgrazing

137
Q

First generation botanical

A

Definition: Nature chemicals borrowed from the plants

Example: Nicotine sulfate

138
Q

Second generation synthetic

A

Definition: Insecticides and such potions created** **in laboratories

Example: DDT

139
Q

Chlorinated hydrocarbon

A

Definition: Chlorine containing pesticides

Examples: DDE

140
Q

Organophosphate

A

Definition: Pesticides containing phosphates

141
Q

Carbamate

A

Definition: Compounds derived from carbonic acid

Example: Carboryl

142
Q

List four qualities of an ideal pesticide

A

Biodegradable

Selective in its effects

Easy, cheap to use

Not toxic to humans

143
Q

Genetic variability is LOWER in crop monocultures

A

Genetic variability makes crop monocultures MORE susceptible to disease and pest infestation

144
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

It is a program that the crops and insects are looked in as part of the ecological system

145
Q

Name 3 methods that might be used in IPM to control pests

A

Use many fields for crop usage that stops pests

Introduce nocturnal predators

Use little insecticides

146
Q

Point source (water pollution)

A

Definition: Single identifiable source, easy to find

Example: Smakestick

147
Q

Nonpoint source (water pollution)

A

Definition: Broad areas that make the source hard to pinpoint

Example: Runoff

148
Q

What nutrients cause eutrophication?

A

Nitrates and phosphates

149
Q

Primary (sewage treatment)

A

Physical process that uses screens and grit tank to remove large objects

150
Q

Secondary (sewage treatment

A

A biological process in which arabic bacteria removes 90% of disolved biodegradable

151
Q

Advanced (sewage treatment)

A

A combination of chemical and physical processes to remove specialized pollutants

152
Q

Disinfection (sewage treatment)

A

Kill disease - carrying bacteria and viruses

153
Q

Crust (Earth’s zones)

A

Outermost zone, underlines continents and oceanic zones

154
Q

Lithosphere (Earth’s zones)

A

Outershell of Earth. Crust + Riggid mantle

155
Q

Asthenosphere (Earth’s zones)

A

Hot melted rock

156
Q

Mantle (Earth’s zones)

A

Solid rock, surrounding core (hot)

157
Q

Outer core (Earth’s zones)

A

Hot: Solid part of the core

158
Q

Inner core (Earth’s zones)

A

Liquid core out of molten lava

159
Q

Mineral

A

Definition: Inorganic compound, occurs naturally

Example: Gold, copper

160
Q

Rock

A

Definition: Combination of more than one mineral

Example: Sedimentary, metamorphic

161
Q

Igneous

A

Form from magma cooling into rock at or below the surface of the earth

162
Q

Sedimentaryac

A

Form from the lithification of sediments at the surface of earth

163
Q

Metamorphic

A

Formed when any rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures below the earth’s surface

164
Q

Metamorphic (Examples)

A

Marble and gneiss

165
Q

Sedimentary (Examples)

A

Limestone and shale

166
Q

Igneous (Examples)

A

Granite and obsidian

167
Q

Strip mining is an example of…

A

Surface mining

168
Q

Subsurface mining

A

Disturbs less than surface mining

Will get out less of the resource than surface mining

Produces less waste materials than surface mining

It is MORE dangerous than surface mining

169
Q

What can be done to extend the depletion time of a non renewable resource?

A

Takes a non renewable resource to deplode

Recycling resources and reusing the to reduce consumption

170
Q

What is the US Mining Law of 1812 and why don’t environmentalists like it?

A

The law says that anyone can buy a piece of land but has to renew another

171
Q

Limiting factor principle

A

Too much or too little of any factor that limits population growth

172
Q

Estuaries

A

Enclosed coastal area of the mouth of river

Fresh water, fertile soil

173
Q

Predation defense

A

Chemical: skunks

Behavior: Blowfish

Camouflage: Gecko

174
Q

Succession

A

1st - Pioneer species have no soil

2nd - Climax community have thick rich soil

175
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The number of organisms allowed to live in a place

176
Q

Density Dependent Population controls:

A

Disease

Predation

Food shortage

177
Q

Density Independent Population controls:

A

Unusual weather

Natural disasters

Seasonal cycles

Certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests

178
Q

Food chains

A

Shows energy flow: cricket, frog, eagle

179
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

Amount of kids that replace the elderly

180
Q

Human population momentum/growth

A

Developed

Developing

181
Q

Demographic transition

A

A model that shows how population changes

182
Q

Environmental impact of Livestock

A

Livestock can help fertilize the ground or from overgrazing

183
Q

Aquaculture

A

Raising marine and freshwater fish

184
Q

Soil salinatization

A

A process where soils degrades. Salinization occurs when dissolved salts in water tables rise to the soil surface and accumulate as water evaporates.

185
Q

Soil erosion

A

Caused by movements of soil from one place to another

186
Q

Types of agriculture

A

Intercropping: Growing several crops at the same time

Monoculture: Growing a crop in a large vast field

187
Q

Clean Water Act

A

EQA must set up standards for clean water

188
Q

Types of scientific research

A

Must current research done by using computer based analysis

Qualitative and quantitative

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