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Marine Bio > Semester 1 Marine Bio > Flashcards

Semester 1 Marine Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Oceanography versus Marine Biology

A

oceanographers study oceans themselves - chemistry, physics, geology, and how organisms shape these systems. Marine biologists study marine organisms - characteristics, physiology, and life history

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2
Q

Technology used to study the ocean

A

Submarines, Rovers, Satellite, Scuba gear, Ships, Sonar

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3
Q

Marine Biologists and their contributions – Pliny the Elder, Charles Darwin, Edward Forbes, Charles Wyville Thomas, Alexander Agassiz

A

Pliny - realized that some organisms have medicinal use.
Darwin - sailed around the world studying new species and came up with the theory of natural selection and the theory that all species descended from common ancestors.
Forbes - wrote about climate and of the nature and depth of the sea bottom upon marine life. Discovered the eight biological zones of the sea.
Charles Thomas - Chief scientist on challenger expedition, and knighted for his discoveries.
Agassiz - discovered the ocean beds

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4
Q

Marine Biology Labs locations

A

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (CA), Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution (FL), Friday Harbor Laboratories (WA), Institute of Marine and Coastal Studies (NJ)

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5
Q

Inductive versus Deductive Reasoning

A

deductive reasoning - starts with hypothesis and then tests to see if it’s true.
inductive reasoning - starts with observations and moves backward towards generalizations and theories.

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6
Q

Steps of the Scientific Method, including control versus experimental groups

A

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7
Q

Plate Tectonics: cause and results. Proposed by who?

A

the modern version of continental drift, a theory first proposed by scientist Alfred Wegener. Plate tectonics are caused by convection currents in the molten rock in Earth’s mantle below the crust, resulting in earthquakes and volcanoes.

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8
Q

Difference between Ocean and Sea. Examples of each.

A

The ocean is much bigger and has vast amounts of life from all sizes, while the sea is a much smaller body of water. Pacific Ocean, Red Sea.

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9
Q

Basic difference between the layers of the earth

A

The three layers are the crust, mantle, inner core/outer core.

Crust - the thinnest layer and is the outer layer of the earth.
Mantle - the layer below the crust and above the outer core. Much bigger than the crust.
Inner/outer core - the inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid.

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10
Q

Plate Boundaries: types and what can occur at the boundary

A

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11
Q

Side profile of where a continental plate meets the oceanic plate: features

A

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12
Q

Side profile of where a continental plate meets the oceanic plate: features Water: properties, including shape, hydrogen bonds, polarity, cohesion, adhesion, density, heat capacity.

A

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13
Q

Clines: Zones of change, including salinity difference with depth and location on earth. Effect on concentration of nutrients.

A

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14
Q

Cause of currents/waves

A

waves are caused by wind moving across the surface of the water. The friction between the air molecules and the water molecules causes energy to be transferred from the wind to the water.

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15
Q

Living versus Nonliving (Characteristics)

A

Humans, insects, trees, and grass are living things. Nonliving things do not move by themselves, grow, reproduce, exhibit energy, or evolve.

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16
Q

Scientific Names

A

scientific names of species are italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and is written first; the specific epithet follows the genus name and is not capitalized.

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17
Q

Photosynthetic Pigments. Color of light and ocean depth.

A

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18
Q

Mangroves: Characteristics of the trees

A

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19
Q

Salt Marshes: characteristics and roles

A

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20
Q

Alternation of generations of Algae: overall purpose and difference between the stages.

A

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21
Q

Commercial use of Algae

A

Algae can be used for pharmaceutical medicines, animal food, fertilizer, fuel, and can be found in lots of foods we eat.

22
Q

Algal Blooms: cause and effect

A

algal blooms are caused by excess of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, into waters and higher concentrations of these nutrients in water cause increased growth of algae and green plants.

23
Q

Characteristics of Plankton

A

Phytoplankton: Microscopic life forms, they float around and use self produced oils and fiber skin to stay at a certain depth and temperature in the water. They make up to 85% of the earths oxygen.

Zooplankton: Start off as a microscopic life form and can grow into large organisms, such as small to medium size fish and squid.

24
Q

Zooplankton role in ecosystem

A

They are most important in the food chain, and are the step between plankton and fish. They transfer energy from planktonic algae to the larger predators who feed on them.

25
Q

Seagrass role in ecosystem. Their physical parts.

A

Sea grass are food for herbivores, they are important for depositing and stabilizing coastal sediments. Provide a habitat for smaller animals and fish.

They are primary producers (use light to create their own food). They have rhizomes which are their stems, Lacuna carry oxygen to other parts of the plant, The leaves are divided to create more surface are for photosynthesis. The Sheath is the main part of the root system and is what the blade stems out of.

26
Q

Trophic levels and their role in the ecosystem. Identify examples.

A

The five Trophic levels are:

Primary Producers(Phytoplankton)
They convert sunlight to sugar and energy which primary consumers feed upon. Autotrophs (create own food) are only primary producers.
Primary Consumers (Zooplanton)
They feed on Primary producers and are food for secondary consumers.
Secondary Consumers (small fish)
Feed on Primary consumers and are food to Tertiary Consumers.
Tertiary Consumers (Mid size fishes)
Feed on Secondary consumers and are food to Apex Predators
Apex Predators (Great White Shark)
Feed on Tertiary consumers and also other Apex predators. They have no food level above them.
27
Q

Interspecific versus Intraspecific competition

A

Interspecific competition is between two different species

Infraspecific competition is between the same species.

28
Q

Chromatophores

A

It’s a pigment that when retracted makes the animal lighter, but when its spread out it makes it darker.

29
Q

Radial versus Bilateral versus Asymmetry. Cephalization.

A

radial symmetry is when it can be divided into as many sides and still be the same (Sea Star, Sea Urchins).

Bilateral symmetry can be divided in half and be the same but no more than that. (Squid, Octopus, shark).

Cephalization is the evolutionary trend of concentrating sense organs into the head region of an animal. (Squids move with their heads first so their sensory organs in their head and the tentacles follow)

30
Q

Porifera Characteristics, including types of cells. Connect structure and function. Protection from predators.

A

Sponges are built around a system of water canals and the body is full of pores. They lack cells and tissues, but have several specialized cells that perform specific functions.

Collar cells: move

Pinacocytes: outer covering

Archaeocytes: move through the sponges body

They avoid predation because of their skeleton that is composed of spikes that wouldn’t feel good to eat.

31
Q

Cnidarians: basic structure and function differences. Classes and examples. Polyp versus Medusa form. Jellyfish layers.

A

Polyp: mouth is on the top. benthic and can morph into a Medusa

Medusa: mouth is on the bottom. the final version of a jelly fish that has tentacles and can swim.

Cubozoa (box jellyfish)

The epidermis is the outer layer of the jellyfish.
The gastrodermis (their stomach)
The mesoglea

32
Q

Cell Specialization and Division of Labor

A

Cell specialization and division of labor: divides up all of the jobs to specific cells.

33
Q

Surface Area to Volume ratio.

A

It’s best to have a high surface area to volume ratio because it can absorb more gasses and requires less nutrients.

34
Q

Worm basic structure, including hydrostatic skeleton

A

Worms have bilateral symmetry, no organs or respiratory system. (A)sexual reproduction. Free living/parasitic.

A hydrostatic skeleton has fluid pressure that retracts and releases to allow the flexible worm to move forward.

35
Q

Arthropods basic structure and function. Exoskeleton. Classes and examples.

A

Bilateral, joint feet, segmented (head, thorax, abdomin), hard exoskeleton made of chitin for protection. They molt their exoskeleton to grow.

Complete digestive tract, specialized feeding parts. Open circulatory system, heart pups blood, veins are sinuses. Green glands for excretion. They have a brain that consists of a ganglia and have many sensory organs. Move only at their joints.

male and female. Internal fertilization. Undergo Metamorphosis.

Subphylum
Myriapods (mainly insects)

Crustaceans (crabs, lobster, shrimp)

arachnids (including spiders, mites, and scorpions)

36
Q

Mollusc basic characteristics, including shell layers. Classes and examples. Digestion.

A

Foot, radula, mantle, shell

Shell layers: penostracum , prismatic, nacreous.

Complete digestive tract and have bivalves to trap food in their gills.

Polyplacophora(chitons) - 8 shells, eat algae, bottom of the floor

Gastropoda(sea slugs) - stomach on foot, alga

Bivalvia(clams) - no radula, siphons for eating

Cephalopoda(squid) - head+foot, cromatophores change color

37
Q

Crustacean basic characteristics. Chelicerae.

A

Two pairs of antennae, have a head and thorax called the cephlathorax, insects of the ocean, most animals in the world are marine crustacean, successful in fresh water and land environments, small, hard exoskeleton made of calcium, green glands, blood is pumped into sinuses, self fertilization.

38
Q

Sea Star water vascular system – structure and function.

A

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39
Q

Echinoderm classes

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40
Q

Sea Urchins – Aristotle’s Lantern.

A

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41
Q

Sea Cucumbers – special feature?

A

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42
Q

Most common Phylum?

A

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Marine Bio (2 decks)

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