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Biology- Mya > Semester #1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Semester #1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food

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2
Q

Mutation

A

An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents

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3
Q

Theory

A

Some part of the natural world that has been thoroughly tested and all the test have common results

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4
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of stable internal conditions

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6
Q

Inference

A

Logical interpretation based on prior knowledge, experience, or evidence

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism the converts energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life

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8
Q

Organisms that make their own energy are called…

A

Autotrophs

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9
Q

Explain why it can be said that most of life on Earth gets its energy from the sun

A

Because plants use the sun for their food and all other organisms eat plants (directly or through other organism which eat plants); therefore, most of life gets their energy from the sun

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10
Q

Quantitative observation is…

A

Observation involving numbers; counting and measuring

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11
Q

What is hypothesis?

A

A possible explanation that can be tested

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12
Q

What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

A

Observation is collecting data from things that can be seen (uses one of the five senses). Inference is observation from previous knowledge not seen at moment

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13
Q

A tiger develops lockjaw and can no longer open its mouth. Which of the criteria for life will it not be able to perform?

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Process by which a single organism produces genetically identical offspring (offspring receives DNA from one parent)

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Process by which two parents produce genetically different offspring (offspring receives a combination of DNA from two parents)

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16
Q

Why did the law of spontaneous generation survive for so many years?

A

Because the law of spontaneous generation was tested many times throughout the course of many years with tests that were flawed. It survived for so long because scientists were using flawed test

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17
Q

Most useful microscope for viewing: the details of the surface of a human hair

A

Scanning electron microscope

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18
Q

Most useful microscope for viewing: the small organisms in a drop of water

A

Compound light microscope

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19
Q

Most useful microscope for viewing: The detail structures inside a muscle cell

A

Transmission electron microscope

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20
Q

What are the criteria for life?

A

1: Cells

#2: Growth and Development
#3: Metabolism and energy
#4: Homeostasis
#5: Sense and Respond to Stimuli
#6: DNA and Reproduction

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21
Q

Compound light microscope

A

The most common. They use a combination of two lenses to form an image. It shines light through then specimen to magnify image. Can view dead and living organisms

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22
Q

Transmission election microscope

A

Uses election magnets which gather and focus beams of elections through a thinly sliced specimen to see the internal structure. Can view small specimen. Only dead organisms

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23
Q

Scanning election microscope

A

Uses electionmagnents beams over the surface of a specimen to produce realistic 3-D images of the objects surface. Only dead organisms

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24
Q

Isotope

A

One of several forms of an element, each containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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25
Q

Cohesion

A

An attractive force that holds molecules of the same substance together

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26
Q

Saturated Fat

A

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bond between carbon atoms

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27
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy needed to get reactions started

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28
Q

Isomers

A

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

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29
Q

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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30
Q

All atoms that are neutral will have the same number of _________ as _______

A

Protons; electrons

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31
Q

Two atoms have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons. do they belong in to the same element?

A

No. If they have different numbers of protons, their properties and design will be different from each other

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32
Q

How many neutrons is in sulfur-34?

A

34

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33
Q

When an atom loses an electron, what happens?

A

It becomes a positively charged ion

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34
Q

A covalent bond forms when…

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons

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35
Q

Why does the temperature of deserts drop so much more at night than it does in towns near the ocean

A

Because water can hold a lot of heat before it changes the temperature, and when the area around the water gets cooler, the water releases the stored heat, warming the surrounding area. That is why the area by an ocean will not be as cool as the desert during the night. Water has a high heat capacity.

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36
Q

Properties of water are:

A

1: Universal solvent

#2: Has surface tension (forms “skin” over the top; cohesion)
#3: High heat capacity

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37
Q

On the pH scale, levels from 1 to just under 7 is considered what?

A

Acidic

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38
Q

On the pH scale, levels from just above 7 to 14 is considered what?

A

Base (Alkaline)

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39
Q

On the pH scale, level 7 is considered what?

A

Neutral

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40
Q

What is the ratio of a carbohydrate molecule?

A

Carbohydrate has the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen as water (2:1). So if there are 2 oxygen in carbohydrate, there are 4 carbon

41
Q

The 20 different types of amino acids vary only in their…

A

Side groups

42
Q

A specific reactant an enzyme acts upon is called the…

A

Substrate

43
Q

What does enzymes do?

A

Lower the activation energy of a reaction

44
Q

What kind of molecule is this? *

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

45
Q

This reaction is?

A

The breakdown of sucrose

46
Q

What is this reaction called?

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

What are the products of this particular reaction classified as?

A

The products of the particular reaction are classified as two monosaccharides (specifically glucose and fructose)

48
Q

What determines the properties of a protein?

A

They are determined by the type, number, and order of amino acids linked together

49
Q

What part of the nucleotide is responsible for the way DNA stores its information?

A

The nucleotide base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) are responsible for the way DNA stores information

50
Q

What holds the two helixes in DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonding holds the two helixes in DNA together

51
Q

Area that receives very little rainfall, and usually experience very hot days and cold nights

A

Desert

52
Q

Area that is usually dominated with tree species that shed their leaves in winter months

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

53
Q

Area that has permanently frozen soil that does not allow for the growth of large plants

A

Tundra

54
Q

Area that includes the lakes, rivers, ponds, and streams of the earth

A

Freshwater

55
Q

Area that is usually located near the equator. Characteristics include high rainfall amounts, dense vegetation, and poor soil quality

A

Tropical rainforest

56
Q

Area that is dominated by conifer trees and short summers

A

Tiagas

57
Q

A type of grassland biome that experiences rainy seasons and long periods of drought

A

Savanna

58
Q

Includes oceans, reefs, and estuaries

A

Marine

59
Q

Mutualism

A

An interaction in which both organisms benefit from the relationship

60
Q

Commensalism

A

An interaction in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is unaffected

61
Q

Parasitism

A

An interaction in which one organism benefits from the relationship and the other organism is harmed

62
Q

Predation

A

An interaction in which one organism kills and eats the other organism

63
Q

What gas do some scientists believe may be responsible for the greenhouse effect?

A

Carbon dioxide

64
Q

A deer and a rabbit in a meadow…

A

would likely result in the most competition for food

65
Q

What are the first organisms that appear during succession?

A

Pioneer organisms

66
Q

What is the final community that exists during succession in the ecosystem called?

A

Climax community

67
Q

What is the term given for when a limiting factor depends on population size?

A

Density-dependent limiting factor

68
Q

The number of individuals of a single species per unit area is known as…

A

Population density

69
Q

Which organisms are responsible for removing carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere?

A

Plants (producers)

70
Q

What is the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere called?

A

Photosynthesis

71
Q

What other way can carbon dioxide be removed from the air?

A

It can be dissolved into the ocean

72
Q

What would be the most likely consequence of removing quaternary consumers?

A

There would become too many songbirds, frogs, and mice without their normal predators. There would be an exponential growth in those organisms

73
Q

What are the possible trophic levels on the hawk?

A

Tertiary and quaternary consumer

74
Q

What are the possible trophic levels of the mouse?

A

Secondary and tertiary consumer

75
Q

What does this graph represent?

A

A logistic growth chart

76
Q

What does the dotted line of this graph represent? What causes it?

A

The dotted line represents the carrying capacity. Predaitors and little resources will cause the population to only reach a certain amount of organisms (the maximum)

77
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s contents

78
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is lower relative to another solution

79
Q

Cytolysis

A

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

80
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells

81
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water

82
Q

Name the three parts of the cell theory?

A

1: All living things are made of cells

#2: Cells are the unit of structure and function for all life
#3: All cells come from other cells

83
Q

What organelle contains its own DNA?

A

Mitochondria

84
Q

Diffusion is the movement of particles…

A

From areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration

85
Q

What chemical process occurs in the cell organelle, mitochondria?

A

Respiration

86
Q

What function has been preformed when a cell produces a protein and that protein is releases into the extracellular fluid?

A

Secretion

87
Q

Name the three things that are true about prokaryotic cells

A

1: All prokaryotic cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

#2: All prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
#3: All prokaryotic cells grow and reproduce

88
Q

Which process requires that the cell expend energy?

A

Endocytosis

89
Q

Digestive organelle that may also break up dead cell material

A

Lysosome

90
Q

Membrane-bounded “sac” that transports large molecules through the cell membrane

A

Endocytic vesicle

91
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

92
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

93
Q

Take note of the plasma membrane structure:

A
94
Q

What is the difference between chloroplast, chromoplast, and leucoplasts?

A

Chloroplast contain a green pigment, chlorophyll, and is used in photosynthesis. Chromoplast have red, orange, and yellow pigments, also used in photosynthesis. Leucoplasts do not have any pigment and it stores starches or oils

95
Q

What type of cellular activity could continue to occur if the cell’s mitochondria stopped working?

A

Diffusion and osmosis would continue to work because the don’t need energy to operate

96
Q

What are the types of passive transport? what are the types of active transport

A

Passive:
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Active:
Transport diffusion

97
Q

What determines if a transport requires energy?

A

~Passive transport move molecules with their concentration gradient (high to low) so do not requite energy input

~Active transport move molecules against their concentration gradient and so will require energy input

98
Q

Qualitative observations…

A

Observations that are not easily counted; color and/or texture

99
Q

Biome

A

A group of ecosystems classified by climate and plant life

Biology- Mya (12 decks)

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