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BMS109 Neuroscience > Semester 2 Weeks 10-12 > Flashcards

Semester 2 Weeks 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of memory

A

Procedural (implicit) - learnt skills, associations, sub-cons
Declarative (explicit) - available to the conscious mind, encoded in symbols/language, transmittable

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2
Q

What does short term memory refer to - how long does it last

A

Working memory

Seconds/mins

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3
Q

Which brain region holds working mem

A

Pre frontal cortex

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4
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus

A

Essential for converting short term to long term memory

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5
Q

Role of the amygdala in memory

A

Processing of multiple sensory input aspects of memory as well as implicit emotional memory

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6
Q

Where is procedural memory stored

A

Cerebellum

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7
Q

What do hippocampal lesions result in

A

memory loss and and inability to form new long term memories
Can recall old

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8
Q

How many layers in the hippocampus

A

3
Molecular
Pyramidal
Polymorphic cell layer

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9
Q

What are the main inputs and outputs in/out of the hippocampus

A

Inputs - entorhinal cortex

Outputs - fornix

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10
Q

Is memory stored at a cellular level in synapses and can become stronger or weaker depending on previsous experiences

A

True

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11
Q

Name give to ysnpases that get stronger

A

Facillitated

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12
Q

What is the name given to synapses that get weaker

A

Depressed

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13
Q

How is the short term strengthening/weakening of synpases achieved

A

Altered due to Ca availability and varying vesicle numbers

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14
Q

What is a tetanus in the brain

A

High frequency stimulus

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15
Q

Describe a post-tetanic long term potential

A

A high frequency stimulus applied to a specific pathway results is a strengthening of the synapse and higher amplitude EPSPs following post tetanic stimulations

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16
Q

Describe what is meant by paired long term potentiation

A

Coincident stimulation of a pathway and depolarization of the taregt cell leads to strengthening of the synapse

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17
Q

What is long term depression studied in

A

the cerebellum

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18
Q

What does learning involve

A

Weakening of inhibtory inputs results in strengthening

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19
Q

Aplysia and the gill withdrawl is a model system used for what

A

Habituation
Classical
Operant conditioning

20
Q

What is required for LTP/LTD

A

Receptor activation (glutamate and 5HT), altered responsitivity, mediation by intracellular second messengers, protein phosphorylation and synthesis

21
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia

A

Anterograde - inability to form new memories

Retrograde - forgetting old memories

22
Q

List some features of an Alzheimers brain

A

Enlarger ventricles/temporal horns, shrinkage of cerebral cortex and shrinkage of the hippocampus

23
Q

What changes in the brain can be seen in patients with Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Amygdala lesions

24
Q

How does the EEG work

A

Measures field potentials

25
Q

What can be said about:
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution

A

Good spatial

Poor temporal

26
Q

EEGs can pick up pick up neuronal activity deep within the brain t/f

A

FALSE

can only detect 6mm into the cortex

27
Q

What type of brainwaves can normal awake people show

A

Alpha
Beta
gamma

28
Q

What type of brainwaves are associated with higher processing and of a higher frequency

A

Gamma

29
Q

Which brainwave associated with being in an awake, relaxed state with the eyes closed

A

Alpha

30
Q

What are Beta waves associated with

A

Awkae
Stimulated
Eyes open

31
Q

What are kappa waves associated with

A

Auditory cortex

32
Q

What are alpha waves associated with

A

Visual cortex

33
Q

Descirbe a mu rhythm

A

Alpha like in the sensorimotor cortex

34
Q

What is significant about sigma waves

A

Lowest frequency

Deep sleep

35
Q

List some of the features of theta waves

A

Low frequency, seen in early sleep, common in children but can be seen in frustrated adults and indicate tumour presence

36
Q

How many stages of non REM sleep

A

4

37
Q

What are sleep spindles

A

Bursts of oscillatory brain activity during stage 2 sleep that are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus

38
Q

During REM sleep what patterns are shown

A

Individuals that show beta like rhythm as if they awake and stimulated

39
Q

Which regions of the brain are involved in the control of sleep

A

Reticular activating system

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

40
Q

Two types of brain disease

A

Neuro, psychiatric

41
Q

Symptoms of Parkinsons

A

Shuffling gate, stooped shoulders, slurred monotonous speech, akinesia, postural instability, rigidity and tremor

42
Q

Pathology of PD

A

Diminished SNc, decreased DA synthesis and connection, decreased striatal dopamine causes and increased inhibitory output from the GPo/SNr thus a greater inhibition of movement

43
Q

Name some of the molecuels that have effects of SA

A

L-Dopa inc prod of DA
Amphetamines increase DA release
Cocaine blocks DA reuptake
D2 receptor agonists treat PD and MAO-B inhibitors prevent metabolism of DA

44
Q

How does dopamine act

A

Activates D1 receptors activating direct pathway and indirect receptors activating the indirect pathway

45
Q

What can be seen in parkinsons patients

A

Alpha synuclein - Lewy bodies

46
Q

Methods other than L-dopa treatment

A

Deep brain stimulation

BMS109 Neuroscience (3 decks)

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