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Bio 152 > Sensory & Motor Systems > Flashcards

Sensory & Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why do the sensory and motor systems work?

A

Physics and nervous conduction (energy transfer and transformation)

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2
Q

What are the three steps of how the sensory and motor systems work?

A

Sensory input – integration – motor output

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic functions of sensory pathways? RTTI

A

Reception, transduction, transmission, and integration

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4
Q

Reception

A

Specialized receptors receiving external stimuli as some form of energy.
Something has to change in you when you sense a change in the environment.

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Stimulus is converted into electrical signal (via a change in membrane potential)

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6
Q

Transmission

A

Passage of electrical energy via neurons.
Taking the activated neuron and sending the signal to the brain.

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7
Q

Integration

A

CNS and ganglia receive electrical signals from neurons and perception occurs.

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8
Q

Perception (happens b/c of integration)

A

The brains construction of stimuli

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9
Q

Sensory input undergoes _________ and _______ as it is transduced.

A

Amplification and adaptation

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10
Q

Amplification

A

Strengthening of stimulus energy by cells in sensory pathways. Response can quickly be amplified.

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

Decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation. Ex. ‘Forgetting’ your glasses are on your head

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12
Q

What are the 5 categories of sensory receptors based on?

A

The energy they transduce (sense)!

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13
Q

What are the 5 categories of sensory receptors and what do they detect?

A

Mechanoreceptors (touch)
Chemoreceptors (chemicals)
Electromagnetic receptors (light)
Thermo-receptors (temperature)
Nociceptors/pain receptors (extremes; a cut)

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14
Q

What 3 types of receptors are in the skin?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermo-receptors, and pain receptors (nociceptors)

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15
Q

What kind of receptor is in the ears? Eyes?

A

Ears - mechanoreceptors mediate ‘hearing’
Eyes - electromagnetic receptors mediate vision

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16
Q

What kind of receptor is in the tongue? Nose?

A

Tongue - chemoreceptors associated with taste
Nose - chemoreceptors associated with smell

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17
Q

What is used by mechanoreceptors in order to generate an action potential?

A

Mechanically-gated ion channels!

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18
Q

Describe the pathway which sensory receptors in the skin sense a change. (Mechanoreceptors)

A

The membrane of the cells in the skin are squished when the skin is touched, which opens mechanically-mediated ion channels, this allows the ion to flow through, the start of an action potential!
Note - receptors deeper in the skin respond to more pressured touch, versus surface-level receptors

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19
Q

When you get to this slide, open the diagram of the ear and go over it!

A

Outer ear: auditory canal
Middle ear: Tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes
Inner ear: Semicircular canals, auditory nerve, cochlea

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20
Q

Describe the pathway through the ear which sensory receptors sense a change. (Mechanoreceptors)

A

When air comes down the auditory canal, it shakes the eardrum, the eardrum shaking makes the middle ear shake (malleus, incus, and stapes), that shaking is then sent to the cochlea (inner ear).

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21
Q

Describe what happens once the vibration signal reaches the cochlea (inner ear). Whats inside the cochlea?

A

Inside the cochlea there are hair cells that start to move with the shaking vibration. When they bend in one direction, that stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, and when they bend in the opposite direction, they release less neurotransmitters.
This overall leads to a complex series of action potentials (different for different sound wavelengths) that fire in the next neuron.

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22
Q

How do fish ‘hear’?

A

They have a sense organ called the lateral line, that senses the water waves. They have hair cells like we do, that can ‘read’ the different vibrations in the water.

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23
Q

What does the eye use to detect electromagnetic energy waves? (deeper than electromagnetic receptors)

A

Photoreceptors!

24
Q

What is a camera eye?

A

An eye type found only in vertebrates.

25
Q

When you get to this card review the structures of the eye! Label these.

A

Pupil, iris, cornea, lens, retina, fovea, and optic nerve.
Nice job!

26
Q

What do the photoreceptors do? (In general)

A

The photoreceptor cells take light (the stimulus) to an internal cellular signal that sends an action potential to the optic nerve

27
Q

What are the 3 similarities between rods and cones?

A

Both have a synaptic end that interfaces with neurons
Both have several internal membranes (discs) which have several protein complexes embedded in them
Both do the transduction step!

28
Q

Describe the transduction pathway in rods and cones in the eye. (Photoreceptors)

A

Similar to thylakoid membranes in plant cells!
In a protein complex called rhodopsin, there is pigment that absorbs light energy. This pigment switches between cis isomer and trans isomer forms, based on whether or not light is coming in. Light depolarizes the membrane of rod/cone cells, to make it into a trans isomer.
This switch to trans isomer is a chemical change that induces the action potential.

29
Q

What do rod cells deal with specifically? Cone cells?

A

Rod cells - send info to visual cortex based on intensity of light (light or dark)
Cone cells - only activate at certain wavelengths of light; they detect color.

30
Q

What are the 5 tastes that the chemoreceptors in the tongue contain?

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

31
Q

Describe the pathway of tasting

A

Each taste bud has many different types of chemoreceptor cells (5 tastes), that will be activated with different stimuli. The physical binding of the food particles will send a signal up to your brain.

32
Q

How diverse are the chemoreceptors in a human nose?

A

More diverse than those in the mouth! But many other animals (such as dogs) have a much higher diversity amount of chemoreceptors in their noses!

33
Q

Describe the pathway of olfaction

A

Odorant molecules in the air are inhaled through the nose and into the nasal cavity. Chemoreceptors for different odorants line the nasal cavity, and depending on the odorant, the chemoreceptors will either bind or not bind to it. Chemoreceptors are odorant-specific. This binding then sends an action potential to the olfactory bulb of the brain.

34
Q

Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category?
A) rod - electromagnetic receptor
B) hair cell - mechanoreceptor
C) taste receptor - chemoreceptor
D) olfactory receptor - electromagnetic receptor

A

D.
Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors

35
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

Skeletal muscle - voluntary
Cardiac muscle - involuntary
Smooth muscle - involuntary

36
Q

What are the 3 skeleton types and what is an example of an organism with it?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton - Sea urchins
Exoskeleton - Crab/Lobster/Insects
Endoskeleton - Humans

37
Q

Put these in order from most encompassing to least encompassing:
Muscle, sarcomere, single muscle fiber (cell), myofibril, bundle of muscle fibers

A

Muscle, bundle of muscle fibers, single muscle fiber cells, myofibril units make up sarcomeres

38
Q

What is a Z-line?

A

Lines of protein that ‘define’ the unit of sarcomere

39
Q

Go and look at muscle diagram!

A

Okay I did and I feel good :)

40
Q

What are thin filaments made of? What is their position in regards to the Z-line?

A

Made of actin, attached to Z-line perpendicularly, pointing toward M-line

41
Q

What is the M-line?

A

Center of the sarcomere

42
Q

What are thick filaments made of? What is their position in regards to thin filaments?

A

They are made of myosin, and are in between thin filaments

43
Q

What happens generally in the sliding-filament model? How does sarcomere contraction make a whole muscle contract?

A

When a sarcomere contracts, it gets a tiny bit shorter, Multiple sarcomeres are within a single muscle cell, multiple muscle cells are within one muscle fiber, lots of fibers within a bundle, and many bundles within a muscle.
All of these layers of contraction makes for TONS of sarcomeres contracting, and whole muscle movement.

44
Q

What happens on the thin and thick filament scale of muscle contraction?

A

When muscle cell receives nervous signal (action potential) from a neuron, that induces calcium release, which in turn binds to troponin complex, moving tropomyosin off of the myosin-binding site on the actin filaments. Then, ATP binds to the myosin head, causing it to change shape (changes to ADP+P)(high energy for head), then the myosin head binds to the myosin-binding sites on actin filaments (releases ADP+P), and pulls the thin filament towards the center of the sarcomere. Then the process repeats.

45
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

46
Q

Each motor neuron may synapse with (multiple/one) muscle fiber/s, but each fiber is only controlled by (multiple/one) motor neuron.

A

Multiple; one

47
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

An even thinner filament that lays on the thin filament (actin). Blocks the myosin heads until calcium is released.

48
Q

Explain the difference between oxidative and glycolytic fibers (ATP processes)

A

Oxidative fibers rely mostly on aerobic respiration for ATP. Have a rich blood supply, lots of mitochondria, and a large amount of myoglobin! (Binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin)
Glycolytic fibers use glycolysis as primary source of ATP (doesn’t require O2). Less myoglobin than in oxidative fibers. Tire more easily.

49
Q

Explain the difference between twitch and fast-twitch fibers

A

Slow-twitch fibers - contract more slowly but sustain longer contractions. Use ATP very efficiently. All slow-twitch fibers are oxidative! Long distance runner!
Fast-twitch fibers - contract more rapidly, but sustain shorter contractions. Can generate more force. Can be glycolytic (most powerful) or oxidative (less durable than slow). A sprinter!

50
Q

What is cardiac muscle? What is it made of?

A

A type of involuntary muscle found only in the heart. Consists of striated cells electrically connected via intercalated discs.
Can generate action potentials without neural input via pacemaker cells.

51
Q

What is smooth muscle? What is it made of?

A

It is a type of muscle found mainly in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive tract. Slow contractions that may be initiated by the muscles themselves or from neurons in autonomic nervous system.

52
Q

What is the correct order regarding skeletal muscle contraction?
A) myosin-actin binding, troponin inactivation, calcium release, motor neuron signal
B) motor neuron signal, calcium release, troponin inactivation, myosin-actin binding
C) signaling between intercalated disks, Z and M lines move past one another, motor neurons send afferent signals to the CNS
D) troponin inactivation, motor neuron signal, calcium release, myosin-actin binding

A

B

53
Q

When you get to this slide go look at the skeleton diagram and study it. Know the major bones in the body!

A

Okay, I am feeling good about the skeleton!

54
Q

What are the three types of skeletal joints and how do they allow the bones to move?

A

Ball-and-socket joint: lots of freedom of movement (scapula & humerus - shoulder)
Hinge joint: can only move in one direction (humerus & ulna - elbow)
Pivot joint: can rotate within one another (ulna & radius - forearm)

55
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

56
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone

57
Q

What are some of the functions of the skeleton?

A

Provides rigid structure for muscles to attach & move on. Functions in support, protection, and movement.

Bio 152 (12 decks)

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