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DPT710A: Pharmacology > Session 1: Basic Principles > Flashcards

Session 1: Basic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Name six reasons PTs should care about pharmacology

A
  1. Response to Exercise
  2. Patient’s Pain Perception
  3. Participation and Motivation in Rehab.
  4. Interactions with Modalities
  5. Side Effects Screening
  6. Understanding of current medical management in inter-professional care.
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2
Q

What is the impact of drugs on response to exercise?

A

Cardiac agents can limit exercise, or indicate a condition that may limit exercise

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3
Q

What is the impact of drugs on a patient’s pain perception?

A

Pain management may be necessary to allow/encourage a patient to commit to PT.

If they are not on pain meds, they may be more limited than necessary in their rehab.

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4
Q

What is impact of drugs on a patients participation and motivation in rehab?

A

Pain management medications may allow more commitment to PT.

Antidepressants can affect motivation as well

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5
Q

How can certain drugs interact with modalities? Give two examples.

A

Herbal supplements are drugs and can interact with regulated pharmaceuticals (may not tell doctor they are on them)

  1. SJW is an induction of drug metabolism (may speed up the breakdown of other prescribed drugs).
  2. Fentanyl patch and heat wraps. Heat increases the release from the patch, can cause a fentanyl overdose.
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6
Q

How is a PT involved in side effects screening for drugs?

A

Its have prolonged, regular patient contact, therefore can monitor for other issues, side effects.

Need to be aware of adverse drug events that are/are not related to PT interventions.

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7
Q

Why is it important to understand current medical management?

A

Because PTs are involved inter professional care.

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8
Q

Describe how pharmacy drug research differs from physical therapy drug research.

A

PT drug research is mainly editorial, perspective, commentary, observational, case-report driven articles found in PT-related journals.

Pharmacy drug research found in physician specialty-related literature is binary (placebo vs drug), large patient populations/controlled studies. Different burden of proof.

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9
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any non-nutrient chemical which has a physiological effect on the body.

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10
Q

How does a drug affect physiologic function?

A

Drugs will either:

  1. Increase the function
  2. Decrease the function
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11
Q

What are the three types of drugs?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Semi-synthetic
  3. Synthetic
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12
Q

Describe a semisynthetic drug and how it works. Give an example.

A

A semisynthetic drug is a natural drug that has been modified chemically to make a new drug. May take off part of a molecule, and attach it to something different.

This modification can improve absorption, effectiveness, solubility, stability by modifying it synthetically.

Example: amoxicillin

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13
Q

What do PTs need to understand about drugs in order to best treat their patients? (4)

A

Basic principles
Mechanism of Action
Patient Response
Interactions w/PT interventions

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14
Q

Pharmacology can be broken down into what 2 main areas of study?

A
  1. Pharmacotherapeutics

2. Toxicology

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15
Q

What is the focus of pharmacotherapeutics?

A

The use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease.

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16
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The study of the harmful effects of chemicals

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17
Q

What two areas make up pharmacotherapeutics?

A
  1. Pharmacokinetics

2. Pharmacodynamics

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18
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of how the body processes a drug

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19
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The effect of drugs on the body.

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20
Q

How is pharmacokinetics broken down (3 areas)?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Elimination
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21
Q

How is pharmacodynamics broken down (2 areas)?

A
  1. Systemic Effects

2. Cellular Effects

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22
Q

What are the various nomenclatures for drugs? (3)

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Generic
  3. Trade/brand
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23
Q

With testing, patients don’t always respond the same to generics as they do to a brand name. Why?

A

Placebo Effect.

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24
Q

What version of a drug is typically less expensive?

A. Generic (USAN)
B. Brand/Trade
C. Chemcial

A

A. Generic

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25
Q

Generic drugs need to meet what type of criteria?

A

Bioequivalency

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26
Q

What 4 criteria does a generic drug need to meet in order to be considered “bioequivalent” to the trade name?

A
  1. Same amount and type of active ingredients
  2. Same administration route
  3. Same pharmacokinetic profile
  4. Same therapeutic effect
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27
Q

True or false. Trade names can be similar for drugs in different classifications.

A

True.

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28
Q

True or false. A brand name always resembles a chemical or generic terminology.

A

False. Brand names may not bear any resemblance to chemical or generic terminology.

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29
Q

Many medication errors are due to what?

A

Name confusion

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30
Q

What is the easiest way to remember and reflect a class of drug? Give an example.

A

Generic name.

Cholesterol-lowering Statins all end with the suffix “statin”

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31
Q

What are advantages of over the counter (OTC) drugs? (3)

A
  1. Usually require lower drug doses
  2. Increased availability/access
  3. Less Expensive (but may be more cost to patient)
32
Q

What are disadvantages of OTCs?

A
  1. Possible interactions with prescription medications
  2. May delay use of more effective medications or treatments
  3. Possible adverse effects (vitamin I with runners)
33
Q

Some drugs target a specific cell type or tissue type. What is a potential downside to this?

A

Can result in side effects. The drug can have cross reactivity. It may be good at binding to one protein, but may bind to others as well.

34
Q

Give an example of a drug class that changes cellular function to restore a normal state.

A

Psychiatric drugs

35
Q

Give an example of a drug class that prevents a disease from occuring.

A

Statins- prevent buildup of cholesterol.

36
Q

What is a dose?

A

The amount of drug administered in a given formulation.

37
Q

A given does results in a given _______ ___________.

A

Blood concentration

38
Q

A given blood concentration results in a given concentration where?

A

At the target tissue

39
Q

Concentration in the target tissues must be large enough to produce a beneficial response without being what?

A

Toxic

40
Q

Why are certain drugs approved even though their dosages are toxic? Give an example.

A

In some cases, side effects are considered acceptable because the goals are greater than the side effects (they will be unpleasant but the patient won’t die).

Example: chemotherapy

41
Q

What is a dose response curve?

A

A curve that represents the dosage over which the drug is effective and peak effect/response that can be expected.

42
Q

What information is indicated by the shape and plateau of a dose-response curve?

A

The binding of the drug to cellular receptors

43
Q

What is a threshold dose?

A

Where response to a drug begins and increases in magnitude until a response plateau is reached.

44
Q

What is the ceiling effect (maximal efficacy)?

A

The point at which there is no further response (even if dosage continues to be increased). Every protein/receptor is bound to the drug. Complete saturation.

45
Q

What are the two main concepts of dose-response?

A

Efficacy and potency.

46
Q

What are the two features of efficacy (in regard to dose-response)?

A
  1. Dosage range over which the drug has its desired effect.

2. Magnitude of response increases as dosage increases (up to some maximum effect).

47
Q

What are the 3 features of potency (in regard to dose-response)?

A
  1. Threshold dose that produces a given response
  2. Higher potency means less of the compound is required
  3. Lower threshold dose = potency
48
Q

True or False. A drugs therapeutic potential is fully explained through potency and maximum efficacy.

A

False.

Neither potency nor maximum efficacy fully indicate a drug’s therapeutic potential.

49
Q

What is a quantal dose-response curve?

A

The percent of the population who exhibit a specific response relative to the dose of the drug.

50
Q

What is the purpose of a quantal dose-response curve?

A

To look at variations in drug responses due to individual differences within the clinical population

51
Q

What is therapeutic index?

A

The calculated value to indicate safety (in relative terms)

52
Q

True or False. A higher TI indicates a safer drug.

A

True. Prescription agens usually lower TIs.

53
Q

What is ED50? Give an example.

A

Median Effective dose. The dose at which 50% of the population response to a drug in a specified manner (response).

Expect half of the people that take drug X will have a cessation in headache.

54
Q

What is TD50?

A

Median Toxic Dose. The dose at which 50% of the population exhibits the adverse effect/response.

55
Q

What is LD50?

A

Median Lethal Dose. The dose that causes death in 50% of the animals studied.

56
Q

How is therapeutic index calculated?

A

TI= TD50/ED50

Median toxic dose/median effective dose

57
Q

What is the purpose of the Food & Drug Administration?

A

To determine if drugs are effective and safe.

58
Q

How many clinical testing phases are in the FDA drug approval process?

A

5 phases (0-IV)

59
Q

How long can it take for a drug to be approved? How much does it cost?

A

7-9 years.

Approx 1 billion dollars total cost.

60
Q

What drugs can be ‘fast tracked’ by the FDA?

A

Fast Track exists for life-threatening conditions or approval of a new indication for a know drug.

61
Q

Name the 5 phases (6 parts) of drug development and approval and the subjects involved.

A
  1. Pre-Clinical Testing (lab animals)
  2. Phase I: Clinical Testing (healthy subjects)
  3. Phase II: Limited Target Population
  4. Phase III: Large target population
  5. New Drug Approval (NDA)
  6. Phase IV: Monitor general population
62
Q

What came from the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?

A

Controlled Substance Schedules- categories or “schedules” classified according to potential for abuse.

63
Q

What does the suffix “-azine” refer to?

A

Antipsychotics, neuroleptic antiemetics

64
Q

What does the suffix “-azole” refer to?

A

Antifungal

65
Q

What does the suffix “-azepam” refer to?

A

Antianxiety, benzodiazepines

66
Q

What does the suffix “-barbital/-bital” refer to?

A

sedative hypnotics

67
Q

What does the suffix “-caine” refer to?

A

local anesthetics

68
Q

What does the suffix “-cillin” refer to?

A

antibiotics

69
Q

What does the suffix “-cycline” refer to?

A

antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor

70
Q

What does the suffix “-mycin/micin” refer to?

A

amenoglycoside inhibiting antibiotic

71
Q

What does the suffix “-navir/-vir” refer to?

A

Protease inhibitor, antiviral

72
Q

What does the suffix “-olol” refer to?

A

Beta-adrenergic blocker

73
Q

What does the suffix “-oxin” refer to?

A

cardiac glycosides, inotropic agent

74
Q

What does the suffix “-ine” refer to?

A

stimulants

75
Q

What does the suffix “-pril” refer to?

A

ACE inhibitor

76
Q

What does the suffix “-statin” refer to?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. (lower cholesterol)

DPT710A: Pharmacology (2 decks)

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