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N105 > SG101 > Flashcards

SG101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an “essential” nutrient?

A

One that is not synthesized in the body, or produced in insufficient amounts.

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2
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A

3 macronutrients for energy supply: carbs, proteins, lipids

3 micronutrients for regulating body processes: vitamins, minerals, water

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3
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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4
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

The amount of energy needed to maintain essential physiologic functions when a person is at complete rest.

A

Basal metabolism

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6
Q

Amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of H2O, 1 degree Celsius.

A

Small calorie (not used in nutrition measurement)

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7
Q

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H2O, 15-16 degrees Celsius.

A

Large calorie (Kcal) - used in nutrition

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8
Q

Amount of energy required to maintain basic body function. 1cal/kg/hr. for men. 0.9cal/kg/hr. for women.

A

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

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9
Q

Normal BMI

A

20-25

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10
Q

Measure of the degree of protein anabolism and catabolism. Net result of intake and loss of nitrogen.

A

Nitrogen balance

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11
Q

How much water is required to process a calorie?

A

1:1

Some recommend 1/2 cup/lb of body weight per day

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12
Q

What are the 4 ways the body loses water?

A

Urine, recipes, perspiration, respiration

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13
Q

How many calories per gram of carbohydrate?

A

4cal per gram

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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15
Q

Salivary amylase

A

Ptyalin

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16
Q

How many calories per gram in fats?

A

9 calories per gram

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17
Q

List 4 fat soluble vitamins.

A

A, D, E, K

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18
Q

How many calories per gram in protein?

A

4 calories per gram

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19
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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20
Q

What are “complete” proteins?

A

Contain all 9 essential amino acids

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21
Q

List the 9 essential amino acids

A 
Threonine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Histidine
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22
Q

What are the non-essential amino acids?

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Praline
Hydroxyproline
Cystine
Tyrosine
Serine
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23
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Enzyme that breaks down proteins.

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24
Q

How do vitamins assist in nutrition?

A

Function as coenzymes

Enhance absorption

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25
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

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26
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D

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27
Q

Tocopherol

A

Vitamin E

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28
Q

Menadione

A

Vitamin K

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29
Q

How is carotene related to vitamin A?

A

Beta-Carotine is a precursor (pro-vitamin) to vitamin A

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30
Q

Name 2 foods high in vitamin A.

A

Dairy, Liver

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31
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin A can cause?

A

Night blindness, dry/scaly skin, increased susceptibility to infection.

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32
Q

Excess vitamin A can cause?

A

Damage to liver and bone, hair loss, blurred vision.

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33
Q

Relationship of Vitamin D to calcium?

A

Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption

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34
Q

Side effects of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia

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35
Q

Excess vitamin D symptoms?

A

Kidney stones

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36
Q

Where can Vitamin E be found?

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy

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37
Q

Vitamin K is found where?

A

Green leafy vegetables and meats

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38
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can cause?

A

Severe bleeding from injury, or internal hemmorrhage

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39
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

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40
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

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41
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

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42
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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43
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folacin

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44
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

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45
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

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46
Q

List the 7 macro minerals.

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine.

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47
Q

List the 10 micro minerals (trace elements).

A

Iron, zinc, manganese, fluorine, copper, cobalt, iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum.

48
Q

List 5 minerals that are alkalinizing to the body?

What foods are these typically found in?

A

Sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron, calcium.

Found in mosts fruits and vegetables.

49
Q

Lists 3 acid forming elements/minerals.

What foods are these typically found in?

A

Sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine.

Milk, cheese, meats, eggs.

50
Q

People over 50 should obtain B12 in which form?

A

Crystalline form (fortified foods)

51
Q

Malnutrition disease with the onset age typically between 1-4 years. Characterized by lack of energy, wasting, and protruding abdomen (ascites).

A

Kwashiorkor

52
Q

Malnutrition disease due to decreased protein and calories. A syndrome of physical and emotional deprivation. Not limited by geography.

A

Marasmus

53
Q

Allergy with hereditary intent.

A

Atopy

54
Q

11-19% above desired weight.

A

Overweight

55
Q

20+% above desired weight.

A

Obesity

56
Q

When treating Vitamin A deficiency, _____ units per day should not be exceeded.

A

25000 IU’s

57
Q

What is the black box warning for vitamin K?

A

Warning of potential anaphylactic reactions when given IV. IV administration should be avoided if at all possible.

58
Q

What cause megaloblastic anemia?

A

B12 or B9 (folic acid) deficiency

59
Q

A decrease in red blood cells due to the body’s inability to absorb sufficient B12.

A

Pernicious anemia. Treatment is B12 via injection for life

60
Q

Hypokalemia is defined as?

A

Less than 3.0

61
Q

Sever hyperkalemia is ?

A

Above 7.0

62
Q

Calcium would be contraindicated for the hyperkalemia patient if the patient is taking?

A

Digoxin

63
Q

Kayexalate - generic name and what is it used for.

A

Hyperkalemia

sodium polystyrene sulfonate

64
Q

What is the drug of choice for oral iron therapy?

A

Ferrous sulfate

65
Q

What is a common side effect of oral iron preparations?

A

Gastric irritation

66
Q

Folic acid may decrease absorption of ?

A

Zinc

67
Q

Niacin + statin drugs may increase risk of ?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

68
Q

What vitamins may increase anticoagulation affects of warfarin?

A

A and E

69
Q

The FDA regulates the content of supplements intended for what age group?

A

Younger than 4

70
Q

What shot are newborns given right away? Why?

A

Vitamin K to prevent hemmorrhagic disease of newborns.

71
Q

UL for vitamin D

A

50mg

72
Q

UL for Vitamin E

A

1000mg

73
Q

UL for vitamin C

A

2000mg

74
Q

UL for niacin

A

35mg

75
Q

UL for pyridoxine

A

100mg

76
Q

What is one nutritional recommendation for treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to cirrhosis?

A

Protein restriction due to excessive ammonia from protein breakdown in the GI tract.

77
Q

Thiamine deficiency may lead to ?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

78
Q

A BMI below ? Indicates under nutrition.

A

18.5

79
Q

Generic name for Claritin

A

Loratadine

80
Q

Zyrtec

A

Cetirizine (2nd gen antihistamine)

81
Q

Allegra

A

Fexofenadine (2nd gen antihistamine)

82
Q

Where does the large intestine begin?

A

Ileocecal valve

Cecum is 1st section

83
Q

How can antacids affect stool color?

A

Whitish discoloration

84
Q

How can antibiotics affect stool color?

A

Gray/green

85
Q

Constipation is defined as ?

A

Fewer than 3 bowel movements/wk

86
Q

Why is castor oil contraindicated during pregnancy?

A

It has been associated with inducing labor.

87
Q

Cathartic dependence

A

Associated with long term laxative use when the person becomes dependent on laxatives for bowel movements.

88
Q

How should bulk laxatives be taken?

A

With lots of water. If insufficient water is ingested, water can be drawn from the esophagus, causing a elation like mass and serious complications.

89
Q

What are dexpanthenol and metoclopramide used to treat?

A

Constipation. They stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system.

90
Q

What drug is used to treat travelers diarrhea?

A

Rifaximin

91
Q

What is lubiprostrone used to treat?

A

IBS

92
Q

Urine output less than 500ml/day or 30ml/hr.

A

Oliguria

93
Q

Involuntary urination

A

Enuresis

94
Q

Normal urine specific gravity

A

1.010 - 1.025

95
Q

Average urine PH

A

6.0

96
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Measures kidney function

97
Q

Name 3 antibiotics used to treat UTI

A

Cinoxacin
Norfloxacin
Fosfomycin

98
Q

Flavoxate, oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin, trospium, are used for what?

A

Urinary tract antispasmodic

99
Q

Name 1 urinary antispasmodic drug

A

Trospium

100
Q

Name 1 drug use for overactive bladder.

A

Oxybutynin

101
Q

What does phenazopyridine treat?

A

Painful urination.

102
Q

Collapse of part of a lung

A

Atelectasis

103
Q

Normal sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

104
Q

Normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.0

105
Q

Normal Calcium level

A

8.6-10.2

106
Q

Normal magnesium level

A

1.3-2.3

107
Q

Normal Chloride level

A

97-107

108
Q

Normal bicarbonate (HC03)

A

25-29

109
Q

Disease process due to prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels. Often includes round belly, red face, but skinny arms/legs.

A

Cushing syndrome

110
Q

Disease in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones.

A

Addinson’s disease

111
Q

Normal ABG P02

A

80-100

112
Q

Normal ABG HCO3

A

22-26

113
Q

What are Trousseau’s and Chovstek’s signs?

A

Indicative of hypocalcemia.
Trousseau’s: carpal spasm - more accurate than Chovstek’s
Chovstek’s: twitching of facial muscles

114
Q

Target heart rate formula.

A

(220-age) X 60 to 75%

115
Q

Ramelteon - purpose and pharmacology

A

Sleep aid - mimics the effects of melatonin as a melatonin receptor agonist.

N105 (2 decks)

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