Shapes and Structures 1 - Reactions and Mechanisms

Question 1

When does chirality occur?

Answer 1

A carbon is bonded to four different groups

Question 2

Bonds above the plane representation

Answer 2

Wedge

Question 3

Bonds below the plane representation

Answer 3

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Question 4

Partial bond representation

Question 5

Difficulty in breaking C-H and C-C σ bonds, why?

Answer 5

Very strong

Not strongly polarised

Question 6

Ease in breaking C-X σ bonds, why?

Answer 6

Polarised

Reactive towards nucleophilic attack

Question 7

The general structure of alcohols

Answer 7

R-OH

Question 8

Different types of alcohols

Answer 8

Primary R-CH2-OH
Secondary R1-CH(R2)-OH
Tertiary R1-C(R2)(R3)-OH

Question 9

The general structure of ethers

Answer 9

R1-O-R2

Question 10

The general structure of amines

Answer 10

R-NH2

Question 11

Types of amines

Answer 11

Primary R-NH2
Secondary R1-NH-R2
Tertiary R1-N(R2)-R3

Question 12

The general structure of halides

Answer 12

R-Hal

Question 13

Carbonyl group derivatives

Answer 13

Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Amides
Acid halides

Question 14

Outline alkenes and alkynes

Answer 14

Alkenes: double bond C=C
Alkynes: triple bond C≡C

Question 15

The general structure of aldehydes

Answer 15

R-COH

Question 16

The general structure of ketones

Answer 16

R1-CO-R2

Question 17

The general structure of carboxylic acids

Answer 17

R-COOH

Question 18

The general structure of esters

Answer 18

R1-CO-O-R2

Question 19

The general structure of acid halides

Answer 19

R-CO-Hal

Question 20

The general structure of acid anhydrides

Answer 20

R1-CO-O-CO-R2

Question 21

The general structure of amides

Answer 21

R1-CO-N(R2)-R3

Question 22

The general structure of nitriles

Answer 22

R-C≡N

Question 23

Aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

Answer 23

NaBH4

Reduction

Question 24

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 24

Alcohol

HCl

Question 25

Alcohol to ester

Answer 25

Acid anhydride

H+

Question 26

Carboxylic acid to an acid chloride

Answer 26

SOCl2

Question 27

Acid chloride to amide

Answer 27

R1-NH2

Question 28

For retrosynthetic analysis, what arrow is used for ‘can be made from’?

Answer 28

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