Shemanko Lecture 5

Question 1

Every tissue likely has what for repair and maintenance?

Answer 1

a tissue specific stem cell- called an adult cell

Question 2

The zygote is what it terms of cells?

Answer 2

totipotent- embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells are all here

Question 3

The embryonic stem cell is what in terms of cells?

Answer 3

pluripotent- can’t produce everything required for life only the things needed for embryos

Question 4

The tissue specific stem cell is what in terms of cells?

Answer 4

multi potent- can produce lineages of a specific tissue only

Question 5

Why was the human-pig hyrbrid experiment done?

Answer 5

Want to make clones of organs for transplant

Question 6

What is the procedure for human therapeutic cloning?

Answer 6

Taking somatic cell, put inside enucleated oocyte, the somatic cell transfers it’s nucleus, develops blastocyst, take embryonic stem cells and induce them to differentiate int o cells of our choosing and then humans can use them.

Question 7

What are the seven diseases stem cells can help with?

Answer 7

neurodegenerative diseases
muscular diseases
diabetes
spinal injuries
heart repair
leukemia
progressive blindness

Question 8

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of what two things?

Answer 8

self-renewal- can make cells with a similar capacity to proliferate and differentiate
commitment- can make cells committed to differentiating (progenitor cells)

Question 9

List the development types of the cells and how they develop that way (what happens to histone code?)

Answer 9

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent
unipotent (skin cells ex)
see mor methylation and deacetylation as you go down- gives more specialization

Question 10

How does the egg reprogram DNA?

Answer 10

sperm have protamines that ar ejoined by disulfide bonds, the egg reduced these bonds through Glutathione, and the sperm chromatin gets uncoiled, this is then subject to reprogramming by acetylation, and dna demethylation

Question 11

The shorter the window of reprogramming the harder it is to do what?

Answer 11

clone a species

Question 12

What is plasticity?

Answer 12

ability of a partially differentiated adult stem cell to change it’s genetic program and differentiate into cells of another tissue type.

Question 13

How does a microenvironment reprogram it’s cells? Give example?

Answer 13

if we take bone marrow cells from a fluorescent mouse and put them in a normal mouse we see fluorescent cells in the brain (purkinje), that means the brain microenvironment reprogrammed the bone marrow cells.

Question 14

What is plasticity in mammalian somatic cells?

Answer 14

the blastocyst has three types of cells, endo, ecto, meso, but all cells can convert to the other and vice versa

Question 15

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 15

are when forced expression of 3-4 key genes responsible for pluri potency changes an adult cell to a stem cell

Question 16

Can cells from different species contribute to organ development?

Answer 16

yes, potentially if you put a somatic cell form a human into a oocyte from a pig you can form a blastocyte in which you can create different human tissue cells which can become organs we can donate.