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Essential Hoof Book Section 2 > Size, Shape, and the Hoof Wall > Flashcards

Size, Shape, and the Hoof Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Naturally hooves should be ______ relative to body size

A

Large

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2
Q

T/F: domestic horses have smaller hooves due to breeding

A

True

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3
Q

What does PSI stand for?

A

Pound per square inch

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4
Q

Do you want the hood to have lower of higher PSI? Why?

A

Lower; less load on the different structures of the hoof

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5
Q

If the hoof is peripherally loaded where is the weight carried?

A

In the walls

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6
Q

Should you keep goals on softer terrain? Why or why not?

A

No because soft terrain doesn’t apply enough pressure to the hoof and it won’t expand enough.

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7
Q

What affect will keeping a horse in small space (such as a stall) too often have?

A

The foot won’t expand enough because not enough pressure is put on it due to lack of movement.

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8
Q

What might shoeing a horse at a young age do to the hoof?

A

It could lock the hoof into one size

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9
Q

Why is there no way to know if showing a young horse has an effect on the final size of the foot?

A

You can’t leave one foot unshod and the other shod because it would make the horse unbalanced, and since every horse is different there is no way of actually knowing.

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10
Q

T/F: Feet of young horses often start to deteriorate in shoes.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the ideal shape of the hoof in an average horse?

A

Cone shaped

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12
Q

T/F: Foals are born with a flared foot that contracts into a cone shape

A

False; foals are born with very uptight walls that resemble a contracted foot

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13
Q

T/F it’s okay for the lateral wall to be straighter than the medial wall

A

False; it’s okay for the medial wall to be slightly straighter than the lateral wall, but they should still be at similar angles

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14
Q

Why are flares deceiving?

A

They can make the foot look like it’s cone shaped or larger than it actually is and the wall may not actually be attached well.

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15
Q

What shape foot looks like a soda can?

A

A contracted foot

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16
Q

What is a lymph?

A

A fluid rich in infection fighting white blood cells

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17
Q

What is the hoof mechanism?

A

When the expansion (upon loading) and contraction (upon lifting) of the hoof is what pumps the blood and lymph through tumble foot and back up the legs

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18
Q

T/F: a cone shape foot keeps the hoof stiff upon impact

A

False; the some shape helps it to flex on impact

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19
Q

Why does a contracted foot have a bad circulatory function?

A

The foot has trouble expanding on impact

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20
Q

Why is it okay for ponies and donkeys to have more upright hooves?

A

They typically weigh less so it doesn’t put as much strain on the hoof if they are more upright

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21
Q

If less weight is able to be carried in the hoof where does the force/strain go?

A

Up the leg

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22
Q

Why would a contracted hoof cause poor growth and underdevelopment of the internal structure of the hoof?

A

Because of the strain of the hoof it doesn’t grow as well, and because the foot is smaller than it’s supposed to be there isn’t room t for the internal structure to grow/expand

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23
Q

What are some common problems in a hoof with too much slope of a “pancake foot”

A

Cracks; white line disease

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24
Q

T/F: “pancake feet” are very common in draft horses because of all the weight carried by the hooves

A

True

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25
Q

T/F: shoeing a horse causes contraction in the foot

A

False; poor shoeing may cause contraction, but good shoeing won’t

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26
Q

How should tubules ideally look?

A

They should be straight and parallel with each other and should follow the angle of the d hoof wall

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27
Q

What do tubules resemble?

A

Wood grain

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28
Q

What are tubules made of?

A

Keratin

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29
Q

How much does the wall grow per month?

A

1/4-1/2 inch

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30
Q

T/F: a foals hoof grows slower than an adult horse

A

False; it grow faster

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31
Q

T/F: damage to the coronary corium can make the hoof grow uncontrollably

A

False; damage to the coronary corium usually slows or stops growth

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32
Q

Name one surplus and one deficiency that can affect the hoof.

A

Surplus- too many carbs can weaken the wall

Deficiencies- not enough zinc and copper can weaken the wall

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33
Q

T/F: Tubules should be parallel to the ground and perpendicular to eachother

A

False; tubules should be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground

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34
Q

How long does it take for the toe to grow from the corner to the ground?

A

6-12 months

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35
Q

How long does it take for the heel to grow from the cornet to the ground

A

4-5 months

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36
Q

T/F growth rings are the vertical lines in a hoof.

A

False; they’re the horizontal lines

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37
Q

What six factors affect hoof growth?

A

Time of year, age, illness, damage to coronary corium, diet, and exercise/terrain

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38
Q

What do very prominent growth rings signal?

A

The hoof was exposed to a stressor at that time

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39
Q

What is signaled by curves in the growth rings?

A

The hoof is unbalanced

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40
Q

Is it okay for the hoof to have a one growth ring? Why or why not?

A

Yes one ring means the hoof was exposed to a stressor, but because there’s only one it’s not an ongoing problem

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41
Q

Why are lots of growth rings seen in horses with chronic lameness issues?

A

The lameness is ongoing and the hoof is constantly exposed to stressors causing many rings to be created

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42
Q

T/F: if there are many prominent growth rings it’s urgent to find the cause.

A

True

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43
Q

What is a common cause of prominent growth rings?

A

Excess sugars in the horses diet?

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44
Q

T/F: the growth rings should not be parallel

A

False; rings that aren’t parallel can signal that the hoof is unbalanced

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45
Q

T/F: growth lines should not be parallel and should be very visible

A

False, the growth rings should be parallel with eachother and they should be almost invisible

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46
Q

T/F: weak walls can cause a horse to lose shoes

A

True; if the wall is too weak it can’t hold the shoe on the foot

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47
Q

Horses with weak walls also have thin soles. What are two things that they mid puts them at an increased risk for?

A

Bruising and abscesses

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48
Q

Weak walls are prone to….

A

Chipping, flaking, splitting, peeling, and crumbling

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49
Q

T/F: lots of moisture can strengthen the hoof wall

A

False; exposing the hoof to too much moisture can weaken it

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50
Q

Why does poor circulation weaken the walls?

A

The hoof wall need good circulation to pump blood and get nutrients through the hoof that promote growth and strength

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51
Q

Explain peripheral loading.

A

When the walls are long enough that the frog, bars, and sole are no longer on the ground, and the entire weight of the hoof is carried in the wall

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52
Q

What structures besides the wall does peripheral loading affect and what are the effects of it?

A

The laminae, the lamellar corium, and the coronary corium are all exposed to tremendous stress causing damage to blood vessels and impede growth

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53
Q

How can you check for peripheral loading?

A

Look at your horses hoof prints and make sure you can see the imprint of the frog

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54
Q

Are minor chips in on a barefoot horse a sign of weak walls?

A

No; the horse could just be self-trimming

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55
Q

What is WLD?

A

A bacterial/fungal infection

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56
Q

Where does WLD most often occur?

A

The toe or the quarters

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57
Q

T/F: WLD does not affect the white line

A

True; it affects the inner zone of the stratum medium

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58
Q

How does WLD progress ?

A

Bacteria/fungus gets in the hoof and begins to eat away at it (which weakens it and may cause separation), then debris might get stuck in the hoof and start to pry it apart more and more

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59
Q

What happens if WLD is left untreated?

A

It can destabilize the lamellar connection and displace the coffin bone

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60
Q

T/F: WLD cannot affect a hoof unless it was already compromised

A

True

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61
Q

What does the early stage of WLD look like?

A

A small groove in the hoof filled with either a white chalky substance, dark gunk, or debris

62
Q

What are some signs of WLD?

A

Cracks, walls that chip/crumble, can’t keep on a shoe, a hollow sound when the hoof is tapped

63
Q

What are the possible treatments for WLD?

A

Cutting away infected areas to expose bacteria/fungus to air and kill it

Get rid of issues that compromised the foot and allowed bacteria/ fungus to get in

Soak the foot in various solutions that will kill bacteria/fungus

64
Q

Why is the cornet important?

A

It’s where most of the hoof originates and it can tell you about the balance of the hoof

65
Q

If the hoof is well balanced the coronet will be ________ to the ground when viewed from the front.

A

Parallel

66
Q

T/F: the orientation of the coronet can tell you the orientation of the coffin bone

A

True

67
Q

Define mediolateral imbalance of the coronet band

A

When the coronet is higher on the inside (medial side) than the outside (lateral side) suggesting that the coffin bone is also tilted like this.

68
Q

What problems can mediolateral imbalance lead to?

A

Arthritis, demineralization of one side of the coffin bone, side bone (ossification of lateral cartilages)

69
Q

What is ossification?

A

Abnormal bone formation

70
Q

Is it possible to correct problems like mediolateral imbalance?

A

If it was caused by an injury or bad trimming, yes

If it has become permanent and affected the structure of the leg, it would be hard to fix without straining the joints in the leg

71
Q

What is distal descent and how can you identify it from the outside?

A

When the coffin bone “sinks” in the hoof. You can see this from the outside bc the coronet band will have a dip in the middle of it

72
Q

What happens to the extensor process during distal descent?

A

It’s dragged down which leaves an empty space in the coronet that you can see and feel

73
Q

How should the coronet ideally look?

A

It should be highest at the toe and slope down slightly at the heels in a straight line.

74
Q

T/F: There should be a dramatic arch in the coronet band.

A

False, the coronet band should, for the most part, form a straight line

75
Q

T/F: the coronet band should not be parallel to the ground when viewed from the side.

A

True

76
Q

What is a good angle for the hairline (coronet) angle?

A

20-30 degrees

77
Q

If the hairline angle is less than 20 degrees, what is the orientation of the coffin bone?

A

The coffin bone will be lower at the front (side closest to the toe) than the back

78
Q

If the hairline angle is more than 30 degrees, what is the orientation of the coffin bone?

A

The coffin bone will most likely be tilted down farther in the back than the front, putting more strain on the back of the foot than the front.

79
Q

T/F: if the horse’s coronet angle (hairline angle) is outside of the 20-30 degree range the horse will be uncomfortable/unbalanced.

A

false; while that range is the best for most horses, for some it may not be and will be more uncomfortable for the horse to be there than to be at an angle outside of that range

80
Q

What is the hoof angle?

A

the angle of the dorsal wall in relation to the ground

81
Q

What used to be the ideal range for the front and back hoof angles? Why do people no longer strive to have these exact angles?

A

45-50 degrees in the front and 50-55 degrees in the back; there are natural variations in how the horse’s bones are put together and forcing the hoof angle to be a certain degree can put a strain on the foot.

82
Q

How can you determine what a horse’s hoof angle should be?

A

The dorsal wall should be parallel with a line drawn at the angle of the coffin bone, short pastern bone, and long pastern bone.

83
Q

What is the hoof-pastern axis?

A

how the angle of the dorsal wall compares to the angle of the pastern bone

84
Q

T/F: the hind hoof angle should be more upright than the front hoof angle in most horses.

A

true

85
Q

What does it mean if the hoof-pastern axis is “broken.”

A

the dorsal wall and the pastern don’t line up

86
Q

What type of broken axis would have a hoof angle lower than the pastern angle?

A

a broken back axis

87
Q

What is the palmar/plantar angle of the coffin bone in a broken back axis hoof most likely going to be?

A

ground parallel or negative

88
Q

If the coffin bone has a ground parallel or negative palmar/plantar angle due to having a broken back axis what structures will have extra stress/strain put onto them? Why?

A

the coffin joint (where P2, P3, and the navicular bone meet) and the deep digital flexor tendon; they’re forced to extend more than normal

89
Q

Where does a broken back axis shift the focal point of weight bearing to? What are 5 effects this has?

A

the weight is put on the back of the foot; the back of the foot has to cope with extra compression and concussion, which could affect blood flow to the back of the foot, digital cushion and frog may start to deteriorate, chronic heel pain, and quarter cracks in heels

90
Q

Where does a broken forward axis put stress/strain?

A

the front of the coffin joint (due to excessive flexion), suspensory ligament (extensor branches constantly being pulled downward)

91
Q

What are 4 problems caused by a broken forward axis?

A

inflammation (desmitis) of the suspensory ligament, inflammation of the coffin joint, damage to the coffin bone (particularly in front edge), and a forward shift in weight bearing

92
Q

Define desmitis

A

the inflammation of a ligament

93
Q

If the horse starts to bear its weight forward what will happen to the toe and heels? What makes this problem worse?

A

the toe will start to deteriorate while the heels grow too high due to lack of pressure; changes in blood flow may occur causing the toe to grow even slower relative to the hoof

94
Q

What are some causes of a broken forward foot?

A

congenital or developmentally caused club feet, injury, poor trimming/shoeing

95
Q

How does degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) or Equine systemic proteoglycan accumulation (ESPA) create a broken forward hoof angle?

A

The pastern drops to a lower angle due to the deterioration of the suspensory ligament

96
Q

T/F: DSLD or ESPA causes damage similar to a broken back angle would, although the foot looks like it is broken forward.

A

true

97
Q

T/F: the angle of the heel should match the dorsal angle.

A

true

98
Q

T/F: If the heel and dorsal angle are not matching it’s usually because the dorsal wall has a lower angle then the heels.

A

false; it’s usually becasue the heels have a lower angle

99
Q

what does it mean if the heels are underrun or underslung?

A

the heels are farther forward than they should be

100
Q

What should the heel height typically be?

A

1-1 1/2

101
Q

What can happen when the heel is too high?

A

a broken forward hoof-pastern axis can be created, the coffin bone may tip forward, excessive pressure on the solar margin of bone and toe wall, strain on coffin joint, lift frog off ground… all may lead to tearing of laminae, separation/WLD, thinning of sole at toe, ligament damage, arthritis

102
Q

What can happen if the heel is too low?

A

a broken back hoof axis, coffin bone tips back (strains back of the foot and solar corium is compressed)

103
Q

How do you measure heel height?

A

Measure the length from the hairline to the ground (if barefoot) or to the top of the shoe (if shod)

104
Q

How do you measure heel length?

A

you measure the slope from the hairline to the heel buttress

105
Q

Where should the heel buttress be in relation to the frog on a horse with healthy heels?

A

the heel buttress should be in line with the widest part of the frog

106
Q

T/F: When viewed from the side, on a horse with a healthy heel, the heel buttresses should be in front of the center of the cannon bone.

A

false; they should be in line with the center of the cannon bone, if they are in front of the cannon bone the hoof is probably underrun

107
Q

Is it possible for a horse’s heel placement to be correct and the heel buttresses to not be aligned with the center of the coffin bone? why or why not?

A

yes; if the horse has long sloping, pasterns the heel buttresses may not line up correctly with cannon bone even if they are correct (that is why long pasterns can cause lameness issues)

108
Q

Do you want the heels to be wider or narrower? Why?

A

wider; it allows the frog to expand and provides a larger landing zone with better shock absorbing abilities

109
Q

What are sheared heels?

A

When one side of the foot bears more weight than the other causing the heavier-weighted side to change shape with an upward displacement of weight

110
Q

What are some possible causes of sheared heels?

A

poor trimming/shoeing (leaving one side longer than the other), toeing out, an offset coffin bone, pain issues (that caused compensation)

111
Q

What does it mean if you see a “plumbers crack” between the heel bulbs?

A

the heel is contracted

112
Q

What could happen if the cleft between the heel bulbs continues to develop?

A

a fissure could develop due to a deep infection (thrush)

113
Q

T/F: a healthy heel hairline will have a V-shape.

A

false; a v-shaped hairline means the foot is contracted, the heel hairline should actually be straight and parallel to the ground

114
Q

What are 6 causes of a contracted heel?

A

Toe too long, pain in the back of the foot, shoes that are too small, too long between shoeing/trimming, injury, and too much time on soft footing

115
Q

How do contracted heels damage the feet?

A

the internal structures in the back of the hoof can degrade (causes pain which creates a vicious cycle of not using heels creating more contraction and more pain and more contraction and more pain) and greatly affects the frog,

116
Q

What effects can contraction have on the frog?

A

blood supply could be cut off and the frog won’t be able to grow, causing it to become thinner and more shock goes up the leg instead of being absorbed; walls shifting inward causes the frog, collateral grooves, and central sulcus to get smaller which cause debris to get stuck easier and the “landing pad” gets smaller

117
Q

What is long toe/low heel syndrome (dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar imbalance)?

A

When the heels are underrun and the toes are long and low

118
Q

What should you do to improve long-toe/low heel syndrome?

A

Start to trim the toe back and then start to try and move the heels into a better position

119
Q

T/F: when looking the hoof from a solar view if you draw a line down the center from back to front, the medial and lateral halves should be fairly close, but the medial half may be a smidge wider even if the horse is properly balanced.

A

False; the lateral half may be wider than the medial with the horse still being balanced

120
Q

Why does the medial wall tend to be more upright?

A

The inside half of the foot is designed to bear more of the weight

121
Q

Why does the lateral wall tend to be less upright than the medial wall?

A

The lateral wall tends to bears less weight and instead help to stabilize the foot

122
Q

T/F: healthy front feet are usually more round, while healthy back feet are more oval-shaped

A

True

123
Q

T/F: the hind feet are usually larger than the front feet.

A

False; the front feet are usually larger

124
Q

Where does a standing horse carry most of its weight?

A

The the front feet

125
Q

Where does a moving horse carry most of its weight?

A

The back feet

126
Q

Why do horses commonly have one front foot that is more upright than the other?

A

They tend to have a dominant side so they use one foot more than the other

127
Q

A majority of horses are dominant on which side?

A

Left

128
Q

What is high-low syndrome?

A

When one foot is significantly more upright than the other

129
Q

What are some potential causes of high/low syndrome?

A

Hereditary, postural habits, injuries, imbalance in riding/training, saddle fit issue, etc

130
Q

How do you correct high/low syndrome?

A

Address which foot you want to fix (which one is farther from normalcy) and try to get it to match the other foot

131
Q

What causes club foot?

A

Shortening of the tendon and muscle of the deep digital flexor tendon

132
Q

What happens to the structures of a club foot?

A

The coffin bone turns downward, loading shifts to toe, hoof changes shape

133
Q

T/F: club feet are graded on a scale of 1-5

A

False; scale of 1-4

134
Q

What are 2 surgical procedures done hat can be done on horses with club feet?

A

Cutting the inferior check ligament to release the tension causing the club foot; deep digital flexor tenotomy

135
Q

Should you try to lower the heels on a club foot? Why or why not?

A

No; can make the horse sore and cause severe damage on the leg that had already adjusted to the position it was at

136
Q

Why is the key to treating a club foot easing tension on the DDFT?

A

Easing the pull on the DDFT is the only way to ease the pull of the DDFT

137
Q

Define mediolateral imbalance.

A

Anything beyond minor asymmetry in the two halves of the foot

138
Q

What are three common examples of mediolateral imbalance?

A

The foot is taller on one side (from the front), the medial and lateral sides of the hoof are different widths and shapes (from bottom), one heel is higher and/or wider than the other (from back)

139
Q

What three terms mean the hoof’s balance from back to front?

A

Dorsopalmar balance, dorsoplantar balance, anterior/posterior balance

140
Q

What’s the difference between dorsopalmar and dorsoplantar balance?

A

dorsopalmar is used when talking about the front feet and dorsoplantar is used when talking about the hind feet.

141
Q

Ideally, how much of the horse’s mass do you want in the back of the foot (behind the true apex of the frog)? Why?

A

2/3; about 50% of the mass will be in front and 50% behind the axis of rotation of the coffin bone

142
Q

What is breakover?

A

the phase of the stride that begins when the heel leaves the ground and starts to rotate around the toe (which is still on the ground)

143
Q

T/F: the direction of breakover is forward.

A

false; the foot mainly breaks over in a forward direction, but when the horse is turning it breaks over sideways to some degree.

143
Q

T/F: the direction of breakover is forward.

A

false; the foot mainly breaks over in a forward direction, but when the horse is turning it breaks over sideways to some degree.

144
Q

What is the Point of Breakover (POB)?

A

the most forward point of weight bearing when the hoof is flat on the ground

145
Q

Where should the POB be on a well-balanced hoof?

A

about 1/4 of an inch in front of the coffin bone

146
Q

What are the effects of the toe being too long and the POB being too far front?

A

there is excessive leverage and the breakover is delayed. this causes strain on the foot that can lead to cracking, soreness in the back of the hoof, and injury to tendons and ligaments.

147
Q

T/F: the POB is relative to the dorsal wall.

A

false; the POB is relative to the coffin bone

148
Q

What things happen in the leg/hoof before breakover occurs?

A

tension in the deep digital flexor muscle and the distal check ligament activate the DDFT. that combines with the tension in the navicular ligaments and puts pressure on the navicular bursa. that acts on the navicular bone, then the impar ligament, and so on down the leg until the wings of the coffin bone begin to lift, tipping the coffin bone forward.

149
Q

T/F: having a higher heel will make breakover happen faster.

A

false; it will delay breakover and put a strain on the DDFT if the heels are too high.

Essential Hoof Book Section 2 (1 decks)

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