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Jordan Bruscato > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • head and trunk of vertebrae
  • ventral axis of human skeleton
  • supports the upright position
  • skull, vertebrate, rib cage, and sternum
  • made up of 80 bones
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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • portion of the skeleton of vertebrates made up of bones that support appendages
  • limbs
  • Aid in the movement of the body
  • pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles
  • made up of 126 bones
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3
Q

How many bones in axial skeleton and list the main bones

A
  • made up of 80 bones

- skull, vertebrate, rib cage, and sternum

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4
Q

How many bones in appendicular skeleton and list the main bones

A
  • made up of 126 bones

- pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles

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5
Q

Total bones in the human body?

A

206 bones exist in the human body

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6
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • support and protection
  • body movement
  • produces blood cells
  • Storage of minerals and fat
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7
Q

Classification of bones

1. Long

A
  • Features: cylinder like shape, longer than it is wide
  • Functions: leverage
  • Examples: femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges
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8
Q

Classification of bones

2. Short

A
  • features: cube like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness
  • functions: provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion
  • examples: carpals, tarsals
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9
Q

Classification of bones

3. Flat

A
  • features: thin and curved
  • functions: points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs
  • examples: sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones
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10
Q

Classification of bones

4. Irregular

A
  • features: complex shape
  • functions: protect internal organs
  • examples: vertebrae, facial bones
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11
Q

Classification of bones

5. Sesamoid

A
  • functions: small and round; embedded in tendons
  • functions: protect tendons from compressive forces
  • examples: patellae
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12
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • The end part of a long bone
  • The epiphysis closest to the body center is the proximal epiphysis
  • The one that is farthest away is the distal epiphysis
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13
Q

Diaphysis

A

-the shaft or central part of a long bone

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14
Q

Articular cartilage

A
  • The smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones really come together to form joints
  • hyaline cartilage, padding
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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane that covers entire bone

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16
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow chamber filled bone marrow

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17
Q

Functions of red/yellow bone marrow

A
  • Red: Contains blood system cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
  • Yellow: Age in the storage of fats in cells called adipocytes
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18
Q

Compact bone tissue

A
  • Wall of the diaphysis

- makes up the outer layer of the bone

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19
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A
  • cancellous, epiphysis (red marrow)
  • Reduces the density of bone and allows the ends of long bones to compress as the result of the stresses applied to the bone
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20
Q

Sinovial joint:

1. Pivot joint

A
  • vertebrae in neck area
  • uniaxial joint
  • allows rotational movement
  • Atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 vertebrae articulation); proximal radioulnar joint
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21
Q

Synovial joints

2. Hinge joint

A
  • elbow
  • uniaxial joint
  • allows flexion/extension movements
  • knee; elbow; ankle; Interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes
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22
Q

Synovial joints

3. Condyloid joint

A
  • biaxial joint
  • allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
  • metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers; Radiocarpal joint of wrist; metacarpophalangeal joints for toes
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23
Q

Synovial joints

4. Saddle joint

A
  • biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension,abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
  • first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; sternoclavicular joint
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24
Q

Synovial joints

5. Plane joints

A
  • Multi axial joint; allows inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
  • intertarsal Joints of foot; superior – inferior articular process articulation between vertebrae
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25
Q

Synovial joints

6. Ball-and-socket

A
  • Multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements
  • shoulder and hip joints
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26
Q

Body movements

1. Flexion/extension

A
  • movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior posterior events of the body or limbs
  • lifting the foot back to a 90 degree angle and straightening it
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27
Q

Body movements

2. Adduction/abduction/circumduction

A

-Adduction:
Moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body
ex: lifting the arms away from the body
-Abduction:
Brings the limb toward the body or across the midline
ex: bringing the arms toward the body
-Circumduction:
Movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle
ex: moving the arms in a circular motion

28
Q

Body movements

3. Rotation

A

-occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.
-Medial: movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body
ex: pointing your toes inward
-Lateral: rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline
ex; pointing your toes outward

29
Q

Body movements

4. Supination/Pronation

A
  • Pronation: the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position.
    ex: facing the palms down
  • Supination: the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position.
    ex: facing the palms up
30
Q

Body movements

5. Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion

A
  • Dorsiflexion: the backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot
    ex: pointing the toes upward
  • Plantar flexion: the movement of the foot in a downward motion away from the body.
    ex: pointing the toes towards the ground
31
Q

Body movements

6. Inversion/eversion

A
  • inversion: the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline
    ex: turning the ankle towards the ground
  • eversion: turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline.
    ex: turn the ankle up
32
Q

Body movements

7. Protraction/retraction

A
  • protraction: the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward
    ex: pushing against something or throwing a ball.
  • retraction: the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.
    ex: moving the jaw bones backwards
33
Q

Body movements

8. Depression/elevation

A
  • depression: The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder
    ex: relaxing your shoulders
  • elevation: while a downward movement
    ex: shrugging your shoulders up
34
Q

Body movements

9. Opposition/Reposition

A
  • opposition: he thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.
    ex: bringing the tips of the thumb and index finger together
  • reposition: Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger
    ex: returning the fingers to their normal positions
35
Q

How many bones are in the cranium?

A

In the adult, the skull consists of 22 individual bones, 21 of which are immobile and united into a single unit. The 22nd bone is the mandible (lower jaw), which is the only moveable bone of the skull.

36
Q

What is the only movable bone in your skull?

A

mandible (lower jaw), which is the only moveable bone of the skull.

37
Q

What are the five vertebral regions (from superior to inferior)?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccygeal
38
Q

How many vertebrae are in cervical?

A

7

39
Q

How many vertebrae are in thoracic?

A

12

40
Q

How many vertebrae are in lumbar?

A

5

41
Q

Scoliosis

A

An abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column.

42
Q

Kyphosis

A

Also referred to as humpback or hunchback, is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region.

43
Q

Lordosis

A

Or swayback, is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy.

44
Q

What does the thoracic cage protect?

A

the heart and lungs

45
Q

Costal cartilage

A
  • These cartilages are made of hyaline cartilage and can extend for several inches.
  • Form part of the thoracic cage and anterior chest wall
46
Q

Three types of ribs, and how many of each?

A
  • Ribs 1-7: true ribs
  • Ribs 8-12: false ribs
  • False ribs 11-12: floating ribs
47
Q

Main bones of the pectoral girdle

A
  • scapula

- clavicle

48
Q

Humerus (describe its location

A
  • upper arm

- runs from shoulder blade to elbow

49
Q

Radius (describe its location)

A
  • one of two bones that make up the forearm

- in the lateral forearm

50
Q

Ulna (describe its location)

A
  • one of two bones that make up the forearm

- in the medial forearm

51
Q

Carpals (describe its location)

A

-bones of the wrist that connect the distal aspects of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm

52
Q

Metacarpals (describe its location)

A

the intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist

53
Q

Phalanges (describe its location)

A

located just below the knuckle

54
Q

Femur (describe its location)

A

thigh

55
Q

Tibia (describe its location)

A

the lower half of the knee joint above and the inner protuberance of the ankle below

56
Q

Fibula (describe its location)

A

lateral (outside) of the tibia,

57
Q

Tarsals (describe its location)

A

the midfoot and the rearfoot (also called hindfoot) areas of the human foot.

58
Q

Metatarsals (describe its location

A

a group of five long bones in the foot

59
Q

Types of fractures

1. transverse

A

occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

60
Q

Types of fractures

2. oblique

A

occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

61
Q

Types of fractures

3. spiral

A

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

62
Q

Types of fractures

4. comminuted

A

several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

63
Q

Types of fractures

5. impacted

A

one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression

64
Q

Types of fractures

6. greenstick

A

a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

65
Q

Types of fractures

7. open (or compound)

A

a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection

66
Q

Types of fractures

8. closed (or simple)

A

a fracture in which the skin remains intact

Jordan Bruscato (9 decks)

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