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Embryology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The start of a new support system. In the lower trunk are?

A

Somite

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2
Q

The dividing somite is made up of mesodermal cells that give rise to?

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

The remaining bones of the body are?

A

Cartilage bones

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4
Q

Bones that make up the face and cranial roof are?

A

Membrane Bones

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5
Q

T/F the cartilage stage in these bones can grow rapidly to match growth of the fetus

A

True.

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6
Q

The base of the skull where the brain sits is known as what?

A

Neurochondrocranium

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7
Q

The neuromembranocranium includes which type of bones and what are they?

A

Irregular Bones

  • 2 parietals
  • 2 frontals
  • 1 vomer
  • 2 nasals
  • 2 lacrimals
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8
Q

During fetal life bones are separated by CT membranes called?

A

Sutures

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9
Q

At the angle of bones large fibrous areas are formed - membrane covering these spaces are called what?

A

Fontanelles

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10
Q

What is the largest fontanelle? When does it close?

A
  • Anterior fontanelle.

- Closes by the end of the 2nd year.

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11
Q

What 2 fontanelles close around 2-3 months?

A

Posterior and Anteriolateral fontanelles.

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12
Q

Which fontanelle closes at the end of the 1st year?

A

Posterolateral fontanelle

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13
Q

What does the Visceral, Phayrngeal and Branchial arches make up?

A

the bones in the face!

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14
Q

the 1st arch forms?

A
  • palate and maxilla
  • meckels cartilage
  • incus and malleus
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15
Q

the 2nd arch forms?

A
  • stapes
  • cranial half of the hyoid
  • lesser horn
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16
Q

the 3rd arch forms?

A

The caudal half of the hyoid

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17
Q

the 4th and 6th arches form the?

A
  • cartilages of the larnyx

- no ossification occurs here, stays cartilaginous

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18
Q

Where does the vertebral column come from?

A

the somite

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19
Q

The caudal part of the sclerotome proliferates creating what?

A

A densely packed area

20
Q

how is the cranial part packed?

A

loosely

21
Q

What does the intersegmental development give the vertebra?

A
  • Muscle attachment

- Nerve emergence

22
Q

When does ossification of the the vertebra begin?

A

at 9 weeks

23
Q

during the 5th month of the vertebral ossification, all ossification centers are prestent EXCEPT which two?

A

Sacral and Coccyx

24
Q

what are the 3 ossification centers for the vertebra?

A
  • 1 in the centrum

- 1 in each half of the vertebral arch

25
Q

what are the 5 ossification centers at puberty?

A
  • 1 at the tip of the spinous process
  • 1 at each tip of the transverse process
  • 2 on the rim of the epiphyseal center
26
Q

what does the sternum start as?

A

Bands = sternal bars

27
Q

what is cleidocranial dysostosis?

A

clavicle agenesis (no clavicle or very small)

28
Q

what is occulta spina bifida?

A

limited to the skeletal components and can’t be seen without a X-ray

29
Q

what is Cystica spina bifida?

A
  • Fluid filled cyst on the back
  • Meninges only - MENINGOCOELE
  • Meninges and spinal cord - MENINGOMYELOCOELE
  • Can be seen
30
Q

what is congenital scoliosis?

A

Abnormal curvature to the spine

-numerical variations and morphological variations

31
Q

what is Oxycephaly?

A

ALL sutures close early

32
Q

What is Trigonocephaly?

A

the 2 frontal bones fuse early

33
Q

what is Plagiocephaly?

A

happens when sutures close asymmetrical. (one closes faster)

34
Q

what is Scaphocephaly?

A

when the sagittal sutures close early (long narrow cranium)

35
Q

What is Acrocephaly (brachycephaly)?

A

coronal sutures are involved (short, wide, large cranium)

36
Q

T/F

the 7th cervical rib can cause problems.

A

True

37
Q

what is Amelia?

A

complete absence of limbs

38
Q

What is Phocomelia?

A

Absence or reduction of the proximal part of the limbs

39
Q

What is Meromelia?

A

Absence or reduction of the distal part of the limbs

40
Q

what is sympodia?

A

Fusion of the lower limbs (mermaid)

41
Q

what is Dichiria?

A

duplication of the distal parts of limbs

42
Q

what is Polydactyly?

A

Extra digits (man bus cat)

43
Q

what is syndactyly?

A

fusion of the digits

44
Q

what is brachydactyly?

A

shortness of the digits

45
Q

what is Hyperphalangism (polyphalangism)?

A

long digits with extra phalanges.

Embryology (3 decks)

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