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Anatomy > Skeletal System and Basic Anatomy > Flashcards

Skeletal System and Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Development by replacement of hyaline cartilage plate

A

Endochondral ossification

Long bones

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2
Q

Shaft composed of thick tube of compact bone that encloses the marrow cavity

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

Two ends of bones expanded articular ends separated from shaft by epiphyseal plate during bone growth and composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

A

Epiphyses

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4
Q

Part of diaphysis adjacent to epiphyses, the growth zone between diaphysis and epiphyses during bone development

A

Metaphysis

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5
Q

Two layers of compact bone enclosing spongy bone and marrow space called diploe

A

Flat bones

Ribs, sternum, scapula, vault bones

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6
Q

Carpal and tarsal type of bone

A

Short

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7
Q

Skull, vertebrae, coxa type of bone

Mostly spongy enveloped by thin outer layer of compact bone

A

Irregular bone

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8
Q

Gradual softening of bone due to failure of bone to calcify because of lack of Vit D or renal tubular dysfunction

A

Osteomalacia

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9
Q

Decreased calcification of bone or reduced bone mass due to inadequate osteoid synthesis

A

Osteopenia

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10
Q

Age related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures of hip, vertebra, wrist

Bone resorption outweighs bone formation

A

Osteoporosis

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11
Q

Abnormally dense bone obliterating marrow cavity due to defective RESORPTION of immature bone

A

Osteopetrosis

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12
Q

Nerve supplying joint also supplies muscles that move the joint and skin covering the insertion of such muscles

A

Hilton’s law

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13
Q

Joined by fibrous tissue
No joint cavity
Permit little movement

A

Fibrous joint or Synarthroses

Ex: suture, syndesmoses

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14
Q

Connected by CT and found between flat bones of skull

A

Suture

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15
Q

Connected by fibrous CT

Occurs as inferior tibiofibular tympanostapedial syndesmoses

A

Syndesmoses

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16
Q

United by cartilage

No joint cavity

A

Cartilaginous joints

Ex: primary or synchondroses and secondary (symphyses)

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17
Q

United by hyaline cartilage
No movement
GROWS in length

Inclides epiphyseal cartilage plates (epi and dia) and sphenooccipital and manubriosternal

A

Primary cartilaginous Joints

Synchondroses

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18
Q

Joined by fibrocartilage and are slightly moveable joints

Include pubic and intervertebral disks

A

Secondary Cartilaginous Joints

Symphyses

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19
Q

Permit great degree of free movement

Has joint cavity, articular hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane producing synovial fluid and articular capsule

A

Synovial joint

Diarthrodial

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20
Q

Two flat articular surfaces allowing simple GLIDING or SLIDING or one bone over the other

Ex:

A

Plane Gliding joints

Proximal tibiofibular, intertarsal, intercarpal, intermetacarpal, CMC, SC, AC

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21
Q

Resemble door hinge
Allow flexion and extension

Ex:

A

Hinge joint
Ginglymus

Elbow, ankle, IP

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22
Q

Formed by central bony pivot turning within a bony ring and allow only rotation

Ex:

A

Pivot joint
Trochoid

Superior and interior radioulnar joint
Atlanto Axial joint

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23
Q

Two convex condyles articulating two concave condyles

Ellipsoidal articulation

Allow flexion, extension

Ex:

A

Condylar joint
Ellipsoidal

radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal, tibiofemoral and Atlanto-Occipital joint

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24
Q

Resemble saddle on horse’s back and allow flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction but no axial rotation

Ex:

A

Saddle joint
Sellar

CMC joint of thumb
Femur and patella

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25
Q

Reception of globular ball like head into a cup shaped cavity and allow movement in many directions

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, IR and ER and circumduction

Ex:

A

Ball-and-socket joint
Spheroidal or Cotyloid joint

Shoulder and hip joint

26
Q

Leakge of blood from blood vessel normally carrying richly oxygenated blood

Pulmonary artery
or
Pulmonary vein?

A

Pulmonary vein

27
Q

Contain multipolar neurons

A

Ventral
Lateral and
Dorsal horns
Sympathetic chain ganglia

28
Q

Contains unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

A

DRG

29
Q

GSE
Postganglionic sympathetic GVE
GVA
GSA

cell bodies of these fibers are located in the

A

anterior horn
sympathetic chain ganglia
DRG

30
Q

Consist of unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons with NO synapse

A

DRG

31
Q

Most common synapse

A

Axosomatic
Axodendritic

Others: axoaxonal, dendrodendritic

32
Q

Laceration at L4 spinal cord

Which structure is intact?

A

Lateral horn

Found in gray matter of SC between T1 and L2 and S2 and S4

33
Q

Outer part of brain is composed of

A

Cortex gray matter, nerve cell bodies, dendrites, neuroglia

34
Q

Interior part of brain is composed of

A

White matter largely of axons form tracts or pathways and ventricles and filled with CSF

35
Q

Spinal cord centrally has

A

Gray matter

36
Q

Spinal cord peripherally has

A

White matter

37
Q

Spinal cord ends at level of

with a structure named as

A

L2

(L1 and L2 in adult)
(L3 in newborn)

Conus medullaris

38
Q

Have motor fibers with cell bodies within CNS and sensory fibers with cell bodies that form sensory ganglia outside CNS

A

Cranial nerves

39
Q

All cranial nerves emerge from ventral aspect of brain except

A

Trochlear nerve

40
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

8-12-5-5-1

41
Q

Formed from dorsal and ventral roots

Each dorsal root has a ganglion within the IV foramen

A

Spinal nerves

42
Q

Spinal nerves are connected with the sympathetic chain ganglia by

A

Rami communicantes

43
Q

Spinal nerves contain sensory fibers with cell bodies in the

A

DRG (GSA, GVA)

44
Q

Spinal nerves contain motor fibers with cell bodies in the

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord (GSE)

Lateral horn of spinal cord (GVE) between T1 and L2

45
Q

Spinal nerves are divided into

A

Ventral and dorsal primary rami

46
Q

Enter into formation of plexus (cervical, brachial, lumbosacral)

A

Ventral primary

47
Q

Innervate skin and deep muscles of the back

A

Dorsal primary

48
Q

Transmit pain, temp, touch and proprioception from the body to the CNS

A

GSA

49
Q

Carry motor impulses to the skeletal muscles of the body

A

GSE

50
Q

Carry sensory impulses from visceral organs to the CNS

A

GVA

51
Q

Transmit motor impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular tissue

A

GVE (Autonomic Nerves)

52
Q

Convey special sensory impulses of vision, hearing and equilibration to CNS

A

Special Somatic Afferent

53
Q

Transmit smell and taste sensation to CNS

A

Special Visceral Afferent

54
Q

Conduct motor impulses to muscles of head and neck
Branchiometric structures such as muscles of mastication, muscles for facial expression and muscles for elevation of the pharynx and movement of the larnyx

A

Special Visceral Efferent

55
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Thoracolumbar

56
Q

Parasymapthetic outflow

A

Craniosacral

57
Q

Preganglionic nerve cell bodies of SNS are located in the

Preganglionic fibers pass through ventral root, spinal nerves and white rami communicantes

Enter adjacent sympathetic chain ganglia or run further through splanchnic nerves to synapse in collateral ganglia located along the major abdominal blood vessels

A

Lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar level (L2 or L1-L3)

58
Q

Post ganglionic fibers of SNS from the ganglia return to spinal nerves by way

A

of gray rami communicantes and supply skin with secretory fibers to sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of hair follicles (arrectores pilorum) and vasomotor fibers to blood vessels

59
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from

A

Brainstem cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X (1973) and sacral part of spinal cord (S2,S3,S4)

60
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers have

preganglionic fibers

and

postganglionic fibers

A

Long preganglionic fibers

Short postganglionic fibers

61
Q

SNS liberate

and are classified

A

NE except sweat glands

Adrenergic

62
Q

PNS liberate

and are classified

A

Acetylcholine

Cholinergic

Anatomy (13 decks)

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