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Human Anatomy > Skeletal System - Bone > Flashcards

Skeletal System - Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the skeletal system?

A

Bone
Cartilage
Tendons and Ligaments

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2
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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3
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Blood Cell Production

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4
Q

How does the skeletal system support the body?2pts

A

Bone is ridged
Cartilage is flexible and strong

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5
Q

Ligaments are bone to ________

A

ligaments are bone to bone

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6
Q

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

A

e.g. skull around the brain

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7
Q

How does the skeletal system provide movement? 2pts

A

muscle on bone via tendons

ligaments allow some movements between bones but prevent excessive movement

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8
Q

What does the skeletal system store as part of its main function?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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9
Q

How is blood cell production executed as one of the skeletal systems functions?

A

bone marrow cavities that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

What are the 4 different types of bones in bone anatomy?

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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11
Q

What are examples of long bones ?

A

femur (thigh bone)
present in upper and lower limbs

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12
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

carpals and tarsals

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13
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

ribs
sternum
scapulae
skull

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14
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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15
Q

What are the main structural characteristics of a long bone? e.g. femur 5pts

A

Diaphysis (shaft/ main component) made of compact bone

Epiphysis (end of bone) made of spongy bone

Epiphyseal Plate (growth plate) only present in young bone. Made of hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal Line- bones stops growing in length, hyaline cartilage growth plate becomes spongy bone. Line can be seen in adult bone x-ray

Medullary cavity (hole in diaphysis) full of bone marrow. Red in young bones. Gradually becomes yellow in limb bones and skull except for epiphyses of long bones. Rest of skeleton is red.

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16
Q

What colour is the medullary cavity is a young bone?

A

red

17
Q

The epiphyseal plate is made of what type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

18
Q

What are the key structural points of the diaphysis?

A

periosteum

endosteum

19
Q

What are 4 key points of the periosteum in the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

outer layer is fibrous (connective tissue)

inner is single layer of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells

Sharpey’s fibres - penetrate
through the periosteum and
into the bone. Strengthen
attachment of tendon to bone.

double layered connective tissue membrane covers outer surface (except where articular cartilage is present)

ligaments and tendons attach to bone through periosteum

site where bone grows in diameter

blood vessels and nerves from periosteum supply to the bone

20
Q

What are osteochondral progenitor cells?

A

chondral -cartilage
osteo - bone

Involved in process of converting hyaline cartilage to bone

21
Q

What is the endosteum of the diaphysis in a long bone?

A

thin connective tissue membrane

Lines all internal spaces
including spaces in spongy
bone

22
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

consists of many small spaces

found mainly in epiphysis (end of bone)

arranged into trabeculae

23
Q

What is compact bone?

A

dense with few internal spaces

organised into osteons- forms diaphysis (shaft of long bone) and covers spongy bone of epiphysis

24
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone which forms a joint (articulation) with another bone

25
Q

What is red marrow?

A

connective tissue in spaces of spongy bone/ in medullary cavity

site of blood cell production

26
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

fat stored within medullary cavity/ in spaces of spongy bone

27
Q

What occurs at the epiphyseal plate?

A

cartilage growth followed by endochondral ossification which results in growth of bone length

28
Q

What are the structural points of a flat bone? e.g. sternum

A

NO diaphysis or epiphysis

Sandwich of spongy between compact bone

29
Q

What are characteristics of the structure of short/irregular bones?

A

Compact bone that surrounds spongy bone centre; similar to structure of epiphyses of long bones

No diaphysis and not elongated

Some flat and irregular bones of skull have sinuses lined by mucous membranes.

30
Q

Where does bone growth occur?

A

Epiphyseal plate

31
Q

Bone growth involves the formation of new cartilage by….?

A

Interstitial cartilage growth

Appositional growth on the surface of the cartilage

32
Q

How does epiphyseal plate become the epiphyseal line over time?

A

epiphyseal plate is ossified between
12 and 25 years of age

33
Q

What is the process in growth of bone length?

A
  1. new cartilage produced on epiphyseal side of plate as chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells
  2. chondrocytes mature and enlarge
  3. Matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die

4.Cartilage on diaphyseal side of plate is replaced by bone

34
Q

What occurs during growth at articular cartilage?

A

increases the size of bones with no epiphysis e.g. short bones

Chondrocytes near the surface of
articular cartilage similar to those in zone of resting cartilage

35
Q

What is the process of bone width growth?

A
  1. Osteoblasts beneath periosteum lay down bone forming ridges separated by grooves. Blood vessels of periosteum lie in the grooves.

2.The groove is transformed into a tunnel when bone built on adjacent bridges meets. Periosteum of
groove becomes endosteum of the
tunnel

  1. Appositional growth by osteoblasts
    from the endosteum results in the
    formation of a new concentric
    lamella.
  2. The production of additional concentric lamellae fills in the tunnel and completes the formation of the osteon.
36
Q

What are the main factors that affect bone growth?

A
  • Size and shape of a bone determined genetically but can be modified and influenced by nutrition and hormones

-Hormones
◦ Growth hormone from anterior pituitary. Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth
◦ Thyroid hormone required for growth of all tissues
◦ Sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. Cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of the
epiphyseal plates

-Stress causes bone remodelling to:
◦ Increase bone mass (density)
◦ Align trabeculae with stress

Changes causes by:
◦ Osteoblast activity
Increases with stress

37
Q

What are the steps of bone repair?

A
  1. Haematoma Formation
    formed by damaged blood vessels releasing blood

2.Callus Formation
Internal callus forms between ends of bones, external callus forms collar around the break

  1. Callus Ossification
    Woven, spongy bone replaces internal and external calluses

4.Bone Remodelling
Compact bone replaces spongey, woven bone. Part of internal callus is removed, restoring medullar cavity

38
Q

What are the effects of ageing on the skeletal system?

A
  • Bone matrix decreases. More brittle due to lack of collagen.

-Bone mass decreases

-Increased bone fractures

-Bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness:
◦ Stooped posture
◦ Loss of teeth

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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