Skeleton System - Appendicular

Question 1

What are the 3 subdivisions of Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

Composed of 126 bones

1. Pectoral girdle
2. Pelvic girdle
3. Limbs

Question 2

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle are made up of which two bones?

Answer 2

Clavicle and scapula

Question 3

Humerus

Answer 3

• Upper arm bone
• Articulates with scapula at proximal end and ulna and radius at distal end

Question 4

Ulna and radius

Answer 4

• forearm
• ulna is medial to radius (anatomical position)

Question 5

Wrists and hands

Answer 5

• carpals (8) : wrists
• metacarpals (5) : palm
• phalanges (14) : fingers

Question 6

Pelvic girdle bones

Answer 6

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 7

Pubic symphysis

Answer 7

-Important for pregnancy
- fibrocartilage pad connecting right and left pubis bone

Question 8

Sacro-iliac joint

Answer 8

• Articulation between sacrum and ilium
• union between axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 9

Gender differences of the pelvis - female vs male

Answer 9

Smoother, lighter, adapted for childbearing

• wider, more circular pelvic
• enlarged pelvic outlet
• ilia project farther laterally but not as superiorly

Question 10

Femur

Answer 10

Only bone of thigh (heaviest, strongest bone in body)

Question 11

Major landmarks of femur

Answer 11

Femoral head - articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
Neck - joins head to shaft at about 125 angle
Greater trochanter (larger, lateral) and lesser trochanter (smaller, medial)

Question 12

Tibia

Answer 12

• Shinbone
• Larger and medially oriented

Question 13

Fibula

Answer 13

• thin and sticklike
• does not articulate with the knee

Question 14

Ankle and foot

Answer 14

• tarsals (7) : ankle
• metatarsals (5) : sole
• phalanges (14) : toes

Question 15

Arches of foot

Answer 15

Three strong arches (two longitudinal, one transverse)

Question 16

Flat feet

Answer 16

No arch (back pain, feet pain, etc)

Question 17

Joints

Answer 17

Known as bone articulations

Question 18

Functions of joints?

Answer 18

Holds bones together and allow for mobility

Question 19

Ways joints are classified?

Answer 19

Functionally (how much they can move) and structurally (what the joints are made up of)

Question 20

Functionally

Answer 20

Synarthroses - immovable joints
Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses - freely moveable joints

Question 21

Structurally

Answer 21

Fibrous - immovable or slightly moveable
Cartilaginous - generally moveable
Synovial - freely moveable

Question 22

Fibrous joints

Answer 22

Bones united by fibrous tissue

Example: distal end of tibia and fibula or skull

Question 23

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 23

bones connected by fibrocartilage

Example: pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints

Question 24

Synovial joints

Answer 24

Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Question 25

Features of synovial fluid

Answer 25

1. Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers ends of bones
2. Fibrous articular (joint) capsule encloses joint surfaces
3. Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
4. Ligaments reinforce the joint

Question 26

Structures associated with the synovial fluid? Bursa

Answer 26

Fluid filled sacs that facilitate movement between muscle and bone, ligaments, and/or tendons
- lines with synovial membrane
- filled with synovial fluid
- not actually part of the joint

Question 27

Structures associated with the synovial fluid? Tendon sheath

Answer 27

Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon (fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone)

Question 28

Plane (gliding)

Answer 28

Permits sliding motion in any direction on relatively flat surface and rotation (wrists move side to side)

Question 29

Hinge

Answer 29

Permits movement in only one plane (knee can only move back not forward)

Allows flexion and extension

Question 30

Pivot

Answer 30

Permits rotation around axis (move arm side to side)

Pronation and supination

Question 31

Condylar

Answer 31

Permits movement in two planes; prevents rotation (ex: wrist)

Question 32

Saddle

Answer 32

Permits more extensive motion in two planes; prevents rotation (ex: thumb)

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and very slightly rotate

Question 33

Ball and socket

Answer 33

Permits movements in multiple directions plus rotation (ex: only two places… hip and shoulder)

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction

Question 34

Fetus - skeletal changes

Answer 34

• long bones are formed of hyaline cartilage
• flat bones begin as fibrous membranes
• flat and long bone models are converted to bone

Question 35

Birth - skeletal changes

Answer 35

• growth of cranium after birth is related to brain growth
• increase in size of facial skeleton follows tooth development and enlargement of respiratory passageways

Question 36

Adolescences - skeletal changes

Answer 36

• epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends

Question 37

Size of cranium in relationship to body

Answer 37

2 years old - skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to adult
8 or 9 years old - skull is near adult size and proportion
Between ages 6 and 11 - face grows out from the skull

Question 38

Skeletal changes throughout life - spine

Answer 38

Curvatures of spine - secondary and abnormal curvatures develop

Question 39

Skeletal changes - osteoporosis (bones becoming weak and brittle) develops

Answer 39

Especially in post menopausal women
- 50% of women over age 65
- 20% of men over age 70

Question 40

Vertebral collapse

Answer 40

Results in kyphosis (aka dowager’s hump)