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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES > Flashcards

SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES Flashcards

1
Q

also referred to as tissue membranes; a thin layer or sheet of cells that cover the outside of our body (skin), organs (pericardium), internal passageways that open to the exterior of the body (mucosa of stomach), and the lining of the moveable joint cavities

A

body membranes

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2
Q

make up the lining of many tissues in the body, when packed tightly create a barrier that protects us from the pathogens found externally, they also allow sweating to keep our body cool; are also flexible

A

epithelial cells

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3
Q

are compromised of both epithelial tissue and connective tissue, they are also called covering ang lining membranes

A

epithelial membranes

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4
Q

this is our skin; is composed of a keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium which has an underlying dermis; differs from other membranes because it is exposed to air and is a dry membrane

A

cutaneous membrane

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5
Q

wet membrane; composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called lamina propria; found usually surrounding body organs and body orifices; differs from the cutaneous membrane as it is always moist and is often adapted for secretion and absorption

A

mucuous membrane

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6
Q

also called serosa; composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue, in contrast with the mucous membrane, serous membranes line cavities closed to the exterior (except dorsal and join cavities)

A

serous membranes

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7
Q

function is lubrication; if there is no fluid in the space rupturing may occur

A

serous fluid

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8
Q

wall outside the organ

A

parietal

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9
Q

touching the organ

A

visceral

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10
Q

serous membrane lining the heart (fluid is pericardial fluid)

A

pericardium

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11
Q

serous membrane lining the digestive tract (fluid is peritoneal fluid)

A

peritoneum

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12
Q

serous membrane surrounding the lungs (fluid is pleural fluid)

A

pleura

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13
Q

is attached to the rib cage

A

parietal pleura

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14
Q

is attached to the lung itself

A

visceral pleura

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15
Q

represented by synovial membranes that are composed of areolar connective tissue and contain no epithelial tissue at all; they line the fibrous capsules surrounding the joints; layers of membrane form a synovial sac containing the synovial fluid designed to lubricate the joints allowing free movement

A

connective tissue membranes

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16
Q

preventing the entrance of harmful foreign material into the body

A

protection

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17
Q

maintaining body temperature; the keratin prevents water loss because when water evaporates it brings with it heat (in sweat)

A

insulation/heat regulation

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18
Q

protects the body from bumps leading to mechanical injury

A

cushion

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19
Q

excretes salts like sodium chloride, urea via the sweat

A

excretion

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20
Q

manufactured in the skin through the cholesterol found in the skin by the action of sunlight

A

vitamin d synthesis

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21
Q

our ability to feel changes outside

A

sensation

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22
Q

made up of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough; it is avascular; sensory receptors are here

A

outer epidermis

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23
Q

contains column shaped basal cells that constantly divide and are pushed to the surface; it is also home to melanocytes that produce melanin; most adequately nourished as it is the first layer after the dermis

A

stratum basale

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24
Q

germinating layer in stratum basale

A

stratum germinativum

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25
Q

areas of our skin with high concentration of melanin

A

freckles and moles

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26
Q

composed of basal cells that have matured into squamous cells called keratonicytes, which are responsible for producing protein, a protective protein that make up skin, nails, and hair

A

stratum spinosum

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27
Q

made up of keratonicytes that have moved up from the squamous cells; as these cells move out, they flatten and stick together, eventually drying and dying out

A

stratum granulosum

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28
Q

is not present in all skin regions, occurs only where the skin is hairless and thick (palms of the hands and soles of the feet)

A

stratum lucidum

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29
Q

outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of 20 to 30 dead layers of keratinocytes that are constantly being shed are referred to as corni fed or horny cells

A

stratum corneum

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30
Q

represent the major cells type of the epidermis, the outermost of the layers of the skin, making up about 90 percent of the cells there

A

keratinocytes

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31
Q

from membrane bound granules called melanosomes; produced by melanocytes

A

melanin

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32
Q

also referred to as the “hide”; the strong stretchy envelope that binds the body together; leather bags and goods are treated animal hides

A

dermis

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33
Q

is the upper dermal region or the outer layer of the dermis; it is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface called dermal papillae, which indent the epidermis above.

A

papillary layer

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34
Q

responsible for the fingerprints because of its peg-like projections and have a furrow between projections forming the fingerprint.

A

dermal papillae

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35
Q

a sensory receptor for pain

A

nociceptors

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36
Q

for touch (mechanoreceptor)

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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37
Q

detects changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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38
Q

associated with sensory nerve endings and serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

A

Merkel cells

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39
Q

deepest layer of the skin where the pressure receptors are located (Pacinian corpuscles); contains irregularly arranged connective tissue fibers, as well as blood vessels, sweat and oil glands and deep pressure receptors

A

reticular layer

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40
Q

deep pressure receptors

A

lamellar corpuscles

41
Q

a defect in collagen production; skin becomes very elastic and also affects the joints; there will be hypermobility of the skin meaning it stretches a lot

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

42
Q

when the skin in hyperelastic making it fragile

A

Dermatosparaxis

43
Q

the adipose layer or hypodermis that acts as shock absorber and acts as a padding for the body. Stores excess fat and acts as a cushion to protect the body from injury.

A

subcutaneous layer

44
Q

cold sores; caused by a virus and appears when there is a decrease in the immune system function

A

herpes simplex

45
Q

type I; is transferrable to the labia

A

herpes simplex labialis (lips)

46
Q

type II; is transferrable to the inguinal

A

herpes simplex inguinalis (pubic)

47
Q

black-brown pigment

A

eumelanin

48
Q

reddish yellow pigment

A

pheomelanin

49
Q

is an orange-yellow pigment; plentiful in carrots and other orange, deep yellow, or leafy green vegetables

A

carotene

50
Q

occurs evidently in Caucasian people when the hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated (cut of blood supply) causing the skin to appear blue; common during heart failure and severe breathing difficulties; checked in fair skinned people by pressing the nail beds to test circulation of blood (capillary check); in black people, it is apparent in their nail beds or the conjunctiva of the eyes or underneath their tongue

A

cyanosis

51
Q

also known as bed sores; irritation and eventual disruption of skin integrity on pressure areas

A

decubitus ulcer

52
Q

fluid filled space created by the separation of the dermal from the epidermal layers of the skin

A

blister

53
Q

the active form of Vit. D

A

calcitrol

54
Q

mother compound of which Vit. D came from

A

cholesterol

55
Q

are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts

A

cutaneous glands

56
Q

glands that are found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

A

sebaceous glands or oil glands

57
Q

is a mixture of oily substance and fragmented cells; is a lubricant that keeps our skin soft and moist and prevents the hair from becoming brittle; contains chemicals that kill bacteria, so it is important in preventing the bacteria present on the skin surface from invading the deepest skin regions

A

sebum

58
Q

forms when sebaceous glands are blocked by sebum

A

whiteheads

59
Q

formed when whiteheads oxidizes and dries then it darkens

A

blackheads

60
Q

is an active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples on the skin

A

acne

61
Q

also known as cradle cap in infants; is caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands

A

seborrhea

62
Q

also called sudoriferous glands; are widely distributed in the skin

A

sweat glands

63
Q

glands that are far more numerous and are found all over the body. They produce sweat; are an important and highlt efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment.

A

eccrine glands

64
Q

a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid

A

sweat

65
Q

a chemical that accumulates during vigorous muscle activity

A

lactic acid

66
Q

glands that are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the body; their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the substances present in eccrine secretion, it may have a milky or yellowish color; are activated by pain, stress or sexual foreplay

A

apocrine glands

67
Q

is a flexible epithelial structure; produced by hair follicles

A

hair

68
Q

part of the hair that is enclosed in the follicle

A

root

69
Q

part of the hair that is projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin

A

shaft

70
Q

produces hair

A

hair follicle

71
Q

small bands of smooth muscle that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

A

arrector pili

72
Q

a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals

A

nail

73
Q

skin folds in the borders of the nails

A

nail folds

74
Q

the edge of the thick proximal nail fold

A

cuticle

75
Q

stratum basale of the epidermis that extends beneath the nail

A

nail bed

76
Q

thickened proximal area of the nail that is responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

77
Q

thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent

A

lunule

78
Q

tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet radiation, or certain chemicals which denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas

A

burn

79
Q

this is used to determine the volume of fluid lost and how much of the body surface is burned

A

rule of nines

80
Q

burns where only the epidermis is damaged; the area becomes red and swollen; usually heals after 2-3 days; example is sunburn

A

first-degree burn

81
Q

burn that involve injury to the epidermis and upper region of the dermis; the skin is red and painful, and blisters appear

A

second-degree burn

82
Q

refers to the first and second-degree burns

A

partial-thickness burns

83
Q

burn that destroy the entire thickness of the skin, so these burns are also full-thickness burns; the area appears blanched/blackened; no regeneration of tissues occur so grafting is needed

A

third-degree burns

84
Q

are particularly dangerous because of the possibility of burns in respiratory passageways, which can swell and cause suffocation

A

facial burns

85
Q

are troublesome because the scar tissue that eventually forms can severely limit joint mobility

A

joint injuries

86
Q

itchy red, peeling condition of the skin between toes, resulting from fungus infection; also called tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

87
Q

inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck

A

boils

88
Q

are composite boils typically caused by bacterial infection; often by straphylococcus aureus

A

carbuncles

89
Q

small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by herpes simplex infection

A

cold sores

90
Q

itching, redness and swellin of the skin, progressing to blistering

A

contact dermatitis

91
Q

pink, water-filled raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture

A

impetigo

92
Q

a chronic condition characterized by overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed

A

psoriasis

93
Q

is the least malignant and most common skin cancer; occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face and appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that later develop a central ulcer with a “pearly” beaded edge

A

basal cell carcinoma

94
Q

arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum; they appear as scaly, reddened papule that gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border

A

squamous cell carcinoma

95
Q

is a cancer of melanocytes; accounts for only about 5 percent of skin cancers, but its incidence is increasing rapidly and it is often deadly

A

malignant melanoma

96
Q

downy type of hair in soon-to-be-born infants

A

lanugo

97
Q

white, cheesy-looking substance, produced by the sebaceous glands; protects the baby’s skin while it floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother

A

vernix caseosa

98
Q

accumulations in the sebaceous glands which appears as small white spots

A

milia

99
Q

hair thinning or some degree of baldness

A

alopecia

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (2 decks)

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