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Upper Limb > Skin Physiology > Flashcards

Skin Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify skin layers

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • basal cell layer
  • DEJ (BMZ)
  • Papillary dermis
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2
Q

which 3 pigments contribute to skin color?

A
  • Melanin: dark color
  • Carotene: most obvious in palms and soles of feet
  • hemoglobin: pinkish hue of skin
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3
Q

what synthesizes Melanin?

A

It is synthesized by Melanosomes (organelle)

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of Melanosomes?

A

1-Eumelanosomes: synthesize from Tyrosine eumelanin, a dark pigment (africans)
2-Pheomelanosomes: that make from tyrosine and cysteine Phemelanin (orange pigment) (Whites europeans)

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5
Q

Genes implicated in skin tones?

A

-OCA2
MC1R
SLC24A5

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6
Q

What is Melanin?

A

a high molecular weigh polymer

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7
Q

Melanocytes are derived from?

A

Neural crest

-Melanocytes inject melanosomes into keratinocytes

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8
Q

how is regulated skin pigmentation?

A

Stimulus=> a-melanocortin stimulating hormone (MSH)=>Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R)=> Tyrosinase=>Eumelanin/ Pheomelanin production

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9
Q

What is a transporter gene mutation?

A

OCA2 P-protein Tyrosine

Albinism and blue eyes

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10
Q

SLC24A5 (threonine)

A

Light

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11
Q

SLC24A5 (Alanine)

A

Dark

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12
Q

Endogenous pigmentation protects?

A
  • from Solar radiation
  • absorbing free radicals
  • tanning reactions
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13
Q

facultative pigmentation?

A

tanning in light skinned people

premature aging of skin

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14
Q

Natural tanning process occurs in response to?

A

UVR

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15
Q

natural tanning process characterized by?

A
  • increased number of melanocytes
  • increased dendricity of melanocytes
  • increased size and number of melanosomes
  • increased proliferation of keratinocytes
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16
Q

Why is there skin pigmentation?

A

1- Prevention of photolysis
2-photosyntesis
Vit D3/ Folic acid

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17
Q

UVA

A

penetrates deeper

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18
Q

OCA2 mutation?

A

oculocutaneous albinism

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19
Q

identify appendages of the skin?

A

Glands (sweat, sebaceous), hair, nails

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20
Q

identify types of sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine sweat glands: palms and soles of feet
  • Apocrine: axillary and anogenital areas
  • Ceruminous: ext. ear canal
  • Mammary glands: secretion of milk
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21
Q

types of nervous or reflex sweating?

A
  • cortical (emotional) eccrine sweating
  • hypothalamic (thermoragulator)
  • Medullary (gustatory)
  • spinal cord transection
  • intrasympathetic
  • Axon reflex
22
Q

identify innervation of sweat glands?

A

anatomically sympathetic
functionally: parasympathetic
Nerves are Sympathetic cholinergics

23
Q

sweating after direct heat is a ?

A

non-nervous sweating

  • does not involve sudomotor nerves
  • it is unaffected by acclimatization
  • no seasonal variation in response
24
Q

how is the regulation of chemical content of sweat?

A

CFTR controls amount of water associated with Cl transport

25
Q

how is heat produced?

A

it is produced in the core (Liver)

26
Q

Where are located the core sensors?

A

-primarily in Hypothalamus and spinal cord

27
Q

Hypothalamic neurons are located in?

A

-preoptic and anterior region

28
Q

what are hypothalamic centers

A

centers set to respond to very small changes in temperature. Finely controlled

29
Q

when do hypothalamic centers mature?

A

Late in development: problem for premature infants!

30
Q

What are the mechanisms for removal of body heat?

A

infrared radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction

31
Q

What are the mechanism for conservation of body heat?

A
  • increased heat production
  • vasoconstriction
  • protective clothing
32
Q

Effect of alcohol in body heat?

A

dilation of peripheral blood vessels

Hypothermia

33
Q

In warm conditions how heat is regulated?

A
  • heat lost by radiation
  • more blood flow through dilated capillaries
  • shunt vessel constricted diverting blood to capillaries
34
Q

in cold conditions?

A
  • less blood flow in capillaries
  • shunt vessel dilated to divert blood from capillaries
  • cyanosis
35
Q

receptors in cold conditions?

A

-active vasoconstriction

alpha-adrenergic= smooth muscle to contract

36
Q

in warm conditions?

A

active vasodilation
beta-adrenergic decrease smooth muscle activity (dilates)
M3 (NO)-AchR= decrease SmM (All sympathetic)

37
Q

What are the failures in temperature control

A
  • fever
  • drugs acting on hypothalamus
  • abnormal sweating
  • Malignant hyperthermia= increase Ca release, stiffness
  • erythroderma
  • menopausal flushing
  • age
38
Q

What is trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL)?

A

water lost though skin in normal circumstances

-barrier to water loss: stratum corneum

39
Q

How lipophilic materials penetrates the skin barrier?

A

Easily

eg. Strogens are highly lipophilic

40
Q

how is the sensory function of the skin?

A
  • tactile sensation =>rapidly adaptating receptor
  • thermal sensations=> adaptating
  • pain sensation (non-adaptating!)
  • itch sensation (nociceptors)
41
Q

identify neuro-inflammatory functioning of the skin

A
  • Axon reflex
  • Neuropeptides
  • bradykinin
  • Mast cells
42
Q

identify receptors of fine touch and fine discrimination?

A
  • Meissener’s corpuscle

- Merkel cells

43
Q

identify receptor of crude appreciation of signal, that sense vibration and are general not specific?

A
  • Pacinian corpuscle

- Ruffini endings

44
Q

What is Triple response of Lewis?

A

-cutaneous response from stroking the skin= Wheal
-release of Histamine (skin)
-red spot= capillary dilatation
-Flare= redness due to arteriolar dilatation mediated by axon reflex
Wheal

45
Q

What cells are involved in this immediate hypersensitivity response?

A

Mast cells and basophils effector cells involved

46
Q

The release of Histamine triggers response of?

A

CGRP= arterial vasodilation in the area

47
Q

Epidermis develops from?

A

Ectoderm

48
Q

Dermis and Hypodermis from?

A

Mesoderm

49
Q

In adolescent skin become oilier and acne appear due to

A

Sex steroids

50
Q

Skin shows effect of environmental assaults around?

A

30 y/o

51
Q

Skin in the old?

A
  • skin thinner
  • dry and itchy
  • intolerance to cold due to fat layer decreases
  • decrease elasticity
  • decrease numbers of Melanocytes and more risk of Cancer

Upper Limb (5 decks)

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