SL7

Question 1

what is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapse

Answer 1

excitatory synapse brings the membrane potentials closer to the threshold while inhibitory synapse is when the membrane potential is brought further away from threshold

Question 2

What is a gap junction

Answer 2

this is the space between the pre and post synaptic cells are joined by

Question 3

what is the difference between electrical and chemical synapse

Answer 3

• electrical activity travels directly form the pre to the post-synaptic cell
  -the signal is transmitted by neurotransmitters and multiple can be sent out at once

Question 4

name 1 advantage of each kind of synapse

Answer 4

-eletrical are quick
-chemical: multiple NT can be released at one and they can become integrated, the effects can also be felt body wide

Question 5

what are the steps for NT to be released

Answer 5

1. Ap reaches the terminal
2. Voltage gated Ca+ channels open
3. calcium enters
4. Nt released into synaptic cleft
5. NT binds to postsynaptic receptor
6. NT removed from synaptic cleft

Question 6

What is Ca+ role in the release of NT

Answer 6

They bind to synaptotagmin, this causes a change in the SNARE complex, the membrane fusses with the synaptic vesicles and is released into the synaptic cleft

Question 7

How do NT activate postsyanptic cell

Answer 7

NT binds to recpeotrs on the post synaptic cell membrane and causes a flux of ions and changes membrane potential

Question 8

what is the difference betwen ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors

Answer 8

ionotropic effects ion channels while metabotropic inderifrectly affects ion channels

Question 9

What are the ways that NT are removed from the synaptic cleft

Answer 9

1. reuptake by the presynaptic axon terminal
2. transported and degraded by nearby glial cells
3. diffused from receptor site
4. enzymatically transformed into inactive substance

Question 10

What is an EPSP

Answer 10

This is where Ion channels open that are permeable to K+ (small influx) and Na+ (large influx) and cause the cell to depolarize

Question 11

What is an IPSP

Answer 11

This is where ion channels that are permeable to Cl- open and the cell hyperpolarize

Question 12

What is synaptic integration and name the ways they can be summated

Answer 12

-This is where one synapse isn’t enought to bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold so multiple synapse are sent
-they can be spatially are temporary summated

Question 13

What are some ways that drugs cna modifi the transmission of a synapse

Answer 13

1. increase NT leak from vesicle to cytoplasm and the NT is broken down
2. Increase NT release
3. block the release of NT
4. Inhibit NT synthesis
5. block reuptake of NT
6. block ezyme that metabolize the NT
7. bind to receptors (blocking the receptor) or mimic NT (agonist)

Question 14

What is botulism

Answer 14

This is where the SNARE proteins are damaged and NT can not be released

Question 15

What is ACh and who release it

Answer 15

major NT in the brain and released by cholinergic neurosn, destroyed by AChE

Question 16

What is Alzheimers disease

Answer 16

This is caused by a degradation of cholinergic neurosn, loss of postsyanptic neurosn that respond to cholinergic neurons

Question 17

What is one way to slow the progression of Alzheimers

Answer 17

using nerve gas to inhibit the production of AChE and increase the concentration of ACh

Question 18

What are catecholamines and where are they made

Answer 18

-doapmine, epi, NEepi and NE
- made in the brainstem, hypothalamus, (NE and epi also in the adrenal glands
-they are broken down by monamine oxidase

Question 19

what does serotonin do and what is something that reuptakes it

Answer 19

-innervate virtually every structure in the brain and spinal cord
-excitatory effect on pathways involved in muscle control, inhibitory effect on pathways that lead to meditated state
-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (can be used to treated depression)

Question 20

What does Glutamate do and what happens if there is high concentrations of it

Answer 20

-most common excitroy NT in the CNS (high concentration in extracellular fluid can cause a pain response

Question 21

what is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer 21

Major inhibitory NT in the brain, doesn’t build proteins