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Sociology > Soc test #2 > Flashcards

Soc test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

functionalist research

A

A researcher working from a functionalist perspective is interested in the smooth functioning of society—for example, how roles and shared values promote equilibrium.

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2
Q

Conflict theorists research

A

concerned with the struggle over scarce resources by different groups in society and how elites control the less powerful.

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3
Q

Symbolic interactionists research

A

Symbolic interactionists are interested in face-to-face encounters and the meanings that people use to facilitate social life. Working from this perspective, a researcher may be interested in how immigrant families negotiate their sense of identity in their new surroundings.

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4
Q

Inductive logic

A
  • moves from data to theory
  • In this system, a researcher gathers information about a topic before developing theories about how to explain particular aspects of it.
  • An example isPaul Willis’s (1977)classic study of working-class white males.
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5
Q

Deductive logic

A
  • movies from theory to data
  • Researchers develop a theory or set of theories to explain or predict a pattern. They then test their theory to see if the expected pattern transpires. For example,Mallie Paschall, Kypros Kypri, and Robert Saltz (2006)were interested in class schedules and college students’ alcohol use.
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6
Q

Independent variables

A

can be varied or manipulated by researchers.

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7
Q

Dependent variables

A

the reaction (if one occurs) of the participants to this manipulation.

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

a description of something that allows it to be measured

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9
Q

Validity

A

If a measurement is valid, it means that it accurately measures the concept.

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10
Q

Reliability

A

refers to the consistency of a given result.

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11
Q

Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables; it can range from weak to strong.

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12
Q

Causality

A

means that one variablecausesa change in the other variable.

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13
Q

Spurious correlation

A

when one variable seems to produce a change in another variable, but in reality the correlation is false.

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14
Q

Research population

A

a group of people that a researcher wishes to learn something about.

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15
Q

Sample

A

a subset of the larger research population

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16
Q

Research methods

A
  • surveys
  • interviews
  • participant observation
  • content analysis
  • secondary analysis
  • participatory action research
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17
Q

Surveys

A

-three main types of surveys are self administered questionnaires, telephone surveys, and in person surveys

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18
Q

Census of Population

A

The most well knows self administered survey in Canada is the Census of Population performed by statistics Canada every five years

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19
Q

Interviews

A

-can be semi structured or structured

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20
Q

Participant observation

A
  • involves a researcher’s active participation in the daily life activities of those he or she is observing.
  • Participant observation is a qualitative method that uses processes of induction
  • can be covert, meaning that the people in the research setting are not informed of the researcher’s status
  • can be semi covert, meaning the researcher reveals the nature of the study to only some of the people involved
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21
Q

Content analysis

A
  • analysis of texts

- content analysis can also be a combined effort of both qualitative and quantitative approaches

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22
Q

secondary analysis

A
  • useful in studying past events and trends over time

- example, Durkheim’s classic suicide study

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23
Q

Participatory action research

A

brings together two approaches: action research and participatory research.

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24
Q

Multiple research methods

A

Amixed-methodsresearch project happens when researchers choose to design a single research project that uses elements of both qualitative and quantitative procedures

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25
Q

Triangulation

A

happens when researchers employ more than one research method in an attempt to more fully understand what they are researching.

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26
Q

Androcentricity

A

A vision of the world inmale terms, a reconstruction of the social universe through a male perspective

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27
Q

Overgeneralization

A

occurs when researchers include only one sex in their study but present their findings as being applicable to both men and women

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28
Q

Overspecificity

A

occurs when sex-specific terms are used in situations that are relevant to both sexes. Terms such asmankindandman-madeare instances of overspecificity.

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29
Q

Gender insensitivity

A

occurs when gender is ignored as a socially important variable

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30
Q

Sex appropriateness

A

a specific instance of a double standard. Eichler specifies that sex appropriateness occurs “whenhumantraits or attributes are assigned only to one sex or the other and are treated as more important for the sex to which they have been assigned

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31
Q

Familism

A

a problem derived from gender insensitivity. It occurs when families are taken as the smallest unit of analysis in situations where specific individuals within those families are responsible for particular actions or experiences.

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32
Q

Sexual dichotomism

A

an extreme form of a double standard. It occurs when the two sexes are treated as completely separate and distinct social and biological groups rather than as two groups with overlapping or similar characteristics

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33
Q

Tri-Council Policy Statement

A

At the level of academic research, theTri-Council Policy Statement(which all universities and colleges must follow) directs that “Women shall not be inappropriately excluded from research solely on the basis of gender or sex.”

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34
Q

Tri-Council Policy on Ethics Involving Human Subjects

A

adopted by the three government research funding bodies: the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Any research that would be funded by one of these three bodies was meant to be approved under the guidelines of this policy.

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35
Q

theNuremberg Code

A

It details 10 principles for ethical research, covering such topics as voluntary consent, beneficial results for society, avoidance of unnecessary harm

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36
Q

nature

A

holds that our actions and feelings stem from our biological roots.

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37
Q

nurture

A

Argues that we are the product of our socialization, and the result of social interactions

38
Q

The nature argument

A

The science ofsociobiologyuses evolutionary theory and genetic inheritance to examine the biological roots of social behaviour. It began in the early 1960s and is associated with the animal behaviour studies of Nobel Prize winner Konrad Lorenz

39
Q

sociobiology

A

The core assertion of sociobiology is that social behaviour among humans, as with all organisms, has evolved over time to secure the survival of the species

40
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

Like sociobiology,evolutionary psychologyargues that Darwinian inheritance can explain contemporary human behaviour

41
Q

Role playing

A

A way to explain symbolic interactionists analysis of how we interpret ourselves, other people, and the social world by assuming the position of another to better understand that person’s perspective

42
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Individuals, groups, and social institutions that together help people to become functioning members of society
-the four principle agents of socialization are families, peers, education, and mass media

43
Q

Cultural capital

A

term coined by Pierre Bourdieu, which describes how children’s social assets gained from their families help the in school and prepare them for success, which in turn reproduces ruling class culture

44
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Asserts that beyond schools conscious formal obligations to teach course content are the unconscious, informal , and unwritten rules that reinforce and maintain social conventions

45
Q

Socialization across the life course

A

Sociologists tend to distinguish the socialization that occurs during childhood as primary socialization and the socialization that occurs throughout one’s adult life as life course

46
Q

Birth cohort

A

How sociologists track how events may influence people’s lives which encompasses all those who are born during a given person and therefore experience historical events at the same point in their lives

47
Q

Empty nest syndrome

A

Women becoming more likely to be depressed as the last child leaves home, research has shown this syndrome is a myth.

48
Q

Means tested programs

A

The Canadian old age pension plan and the old age assistance program were programs implemented based on financial needs

49
Q

Gerontology

A

The scientific study of old age and aging

50
Q

Stages of dealing with mortality established by Kubler Ross

A
  1. denial
    1. Anger
    2. Bargaining
    3. Depression
      1. Acceptance
51
Q

Dying trajectories

A

Idea established by Kubler Ross, which is the courses that dying takes in both social and psychological senses. Her model describes the sequence of dying and suggests a set of overall therapeutic recommendations as to how dying “should” take place

52
Q

resocialization

A

The profound change or complete transformation of a person’s personality as a result of being placed in a situation or an environment dedicated to changing his or her previous identity
Ex. Being places in a prison or psychiatric institution

53
Q

Total institutions

A

Settings in which people are isolated from society and supervised by an administrative staff

54
Q

mortifications of self

A

People’s existing identities being stripped from them, through having all their personal possessions taken away, losing control over their daily schedule, wearing uniforms etc.

55
Q

Social stratification

A

A society’s hierarchical ranking of people into social classes

56
Q

Social class

A

Based on both birth and achievements in life

57
Q

Social status

A

An individuals position within the class structure

58
Q

Social stratification is based on a few key principles

A
  • societies redistribute materials and social rewards to individuals.
  • those who do more or are more capable receive more material wealth and social recognition
  • allows those who contribute more to society to have more
59
Q

Meritocracy

A

The belief that people can achieve wealth and status though individual attributes

60
Q

Social mobility

A

Movement between classes

61
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Comparing adult children’s status to that of their parents or comparing an individuals status position over his of her lifetime

62
Q

Blaming the victim

A

A perspective that assumes that the poor need only to work harder to transcend poverty

63
Q

Culture of poverty

A

A term to accentuate anthropologist Oscar Lewis’ belief that the poor have different subcultural value systems than the larger American society and that these systems limit their ability and desire to escape poverty

64
Q

Deferred gratification

A

The ability to forgo immediate pleasures in the interest of achieving greater rewards in the future. The poor appear to have difficulty deferring gratification

65
Q

Blaming the system

A

A perspective that recognizes the systemic discrimination that exists within social systems and is more consistent with the sociological perspective

66
Q

Deindustrialization

A

The transformation of an economy from one based on manufacturing to one based on services

67
Q

From perception to policy

A

The perceptions of why people succeed or fail have important policy implications for government. Ex. If government believes the poor are lazy, they wont provide social welfare programs etc.

68
Q

Closed systems

A

Those based on ascribed status

69
Q

Open systems

A

Based on achieved status

70
Q

Caste systems

A

Ascribed systems, allow no social mobility

71
Q

Class structure

A

Overall economic hierarchy that categorizes groups of people based on their socioeconomic status. It is comprised of three indicators of social position: income, occupational prestige, and education. It is important to look at all of these indicators together

72
Q

Intergenerational income elasticity

A

How social mobility is measured

73
Q

Property

A

an important indicator of where one resides in the class structure

74
Q

Income

A

Defines as the money one receives annually

75
Q

Occupational prestige

A

People agreeing on prestige and the social value of certain positions or occupations

76
Q

Davis-Moore thesis

A

Holds that social inequality serves two important social functions: it instills in certain people the desire to fill certain social positions and it instills in these people the desire to complete their duties and responsibilities

77
Q

Karl Marx

A

Believed that the caste struggle was the most important inspiration behind the historical transformation of societies. He viewed social stratification as a mechanism that institutionalizes inequality and promotes social stability over time

78
Q

Max Weber

A

Believed that Marx’s focused on economic production was overly simplistic and failed to appreciate the multidimensional nature of social class, inequality, and the role of the cultural values. He believed to classless society is not inevitable and social stratification is at some level unavoidable and necessary

79
Q

Status groups

A

Composed of people who share similar social status, lifestyles, world views, occupations, and standard of living et.

80
Q

Status inconsistency

A

Weber proposed that since three distinct systems of stratification are at work, there exists the possibility of status inconsistency which occurs when an individual occupies several differently ranked statuses at the same time.

81
Q

Conspicuous consumption

A

Concept found by thorstein veblen

-it is the purchase of good simply because they are valuable despite having no innate satisfaction in them

82
Q

Conspicuous leisure

A

The demonstration of ones high social status through forms of leisure that include taking long vacations in exotic locales

83
Q

Conspicuous waste

A

The disposal of valuable goods to demonstrate wealth

84
Q

The double ghetto

A

The situation in which women who have full time jobs outside the home often work another “shift” when they get home

85
Q

Low income cut off

A

represents the level of income at which a household in a particular location must spend 20 percentage points more of its gross income on food, shelter, and clothing than does the average Canadian household.

86
Q

Geographical location

A

shows that different provinces have different poverty rates

87
Q

Gender

A

Canadian women tend to earn less than men across occupations

88
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

Recognizes the universality of women’s wage discrimination

89
Q

Visible minority status

A

ethnic and racial discrimination in labour markets and hiring practices

90
Q

Kuznets curve

A

A theory that argues that as societies developed, they become more inequal until the early phases of the Industrial Revolution, after which inequality tended to decline

91
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Suggests that while hunting and gathering societies are open and classless, significant social stratification emerges in horticultural societies and then expands throughout agrarian and industrial economies. Essentially as technology develops, wealth accumulates into fewer hands, resulting in greater social inequality

92
Q

The Gini Index

A

A measure of inequality of wealth or income distribution. Deviations from the 45 degree angle are referred to as the Lorenz curve.

Sociology (4 decks)

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