Social and Multicultural Psychology Flashcards
dispositional attributions
- also known as internal attributions
- the cause of a behaviour is within the person
Example: failing is test is due to lack of effort in preparation
situational attribution
- also known as external attributions
- the cause of a behaviour is outside the person
Example: failing a test is due to test unfairness
consistency
distinctiveness
consensus
consistency = whether a person behaves the same way over time (if they dont… low consistency)
distinctiveness = whether a person’s behaviour is unique to the situation or stimulus (if it is not… low consistency)
consensus = whether people in the same situation tend to respond similarly (if most do not… low consensus)
fundamental attribution bias (fundamentalmente una victima/el problema eres tú)
THE BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS is due to dispositional (internal) causes.
Tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal factors) and underestimate external (situational) factors. example: blaming the victim
Impacted by culture= teens/adults in NA= made more dispositional/internal attributions about others. Teens/adults in Asia= made more situational external attributions.
actor observer bias
ONE’S OWN BEHAVIOUR is due to situational (external) factors and the BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS is due to dispositional (internal) factors
self serving bias
when we describe OUR OWN BEHAVIOURS, attribute our successes to dispositional (internal) factors and our failures to situational (external) factors
heuristics
availability vs. representative vs. simulation (and why is simulation different than the other 2?)
availability = people estimate the likelihood of a situation based on how easily they can recall it
representative = people make judgments about people or events based on what they believe is a typical example of a particular category (example - assuming a DV victim is a woman)
simulation = people develop mental images of situations and then use these mental images to make judgments about facts in their lives. Study= man who misses flight 30mins vs 5mins. Different than all other heuristics bc it also affects how others will feel.
cognitive dissonance (4 Methods and which is more effective)
people change their attitudes to reduce the aversive arousal they experience when they become aware of inconsistent in their cognitions
(in other words - people change their attitudes to match their actions)
4 methods: replace/substract the dissonant cognition, add a consonant cognition, increase importance of a consonant cognition and decrease the importance of the dissonant cognition
The most effective is: decreasing the importance of the dissonant cognition.**
self-perception theory
people infer their attitudes as well as their emotions by observing their own behaviour
example: I just gave a speech about ___________, I must really like it
Tie to overjustification effect = when people are externally reinforced for engaging in an intrinsically rewarding behaviour they’ll think they’re performing due to external rewards which will cause intrinsic motivation to decline
overjustification hypothesis
people lose interest in previously desirable activities after performing them for too much justification (I.e. kids markers study)
Tied to self-perception theory
primacy effect
when there is a long gap between a speech and the desired action, the idea presented first will be remembered best. Why? Bc short term memory material (recency effect) was left unattended and it wasn’t transferred to long term. So only long term info remains.
recency effect
when there is a short gap between a speech and the desired action, the idea presented last will be remembered best
persuasion & characteristics of the source/message/audience
source
- if the message is unimportant, the likeability/similarity to self/physical attractiveness is important
- if the message is important, the credibility (trustworthiness and expertise) is important (I.e. think pastors)
- inverted U for message discrepancies = moderate differences are best.
- if you’re super trustworthy then it’s a linear relationship with message discrepancy
message
- Scare tactics work best when there’s a real reason to be scared, and you also show how to fix the problem. (Mixed research on how much fear is needed to be effective)
- presentation of the info: If your message comes first, it usually has a bigger impact (Primacy Effect). If it comes later, it matters more when opinions are checked soon after not long after (Recency Effect).
audience
- moderate self-esteem, higher vulnerability, high involvement in idea/product are most easily persuaded. U shape. For age (YA & OA) and also lower IQ
elaboration likelihood of persuasion
two ways people can be persuaded…
peripheral route = focuses on aspects that are not central to the message (example - attractiveness of the speaker)
central route = elaborating on the messages arguments
- central route usually results in enduring / resistant to change attitudes that are predictive of behavior
superordinate goals
goals that can only be achieved with both groups working together and are of benefit to both parties
*reduces prejudice and discrimination. And inter group conflict.
Robbers cave & Jigsaw
approach-approach conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-approach conflict = a person must choose between two favorable options. Not a dilemma since once the individual begins to approach one positive goal, the strength of the pull of the other positive goal decreases
approach-avoidance conflict = both options have pros/cons. Which makes it hard to choose to do or not do something. (Netflix or Hulu)
avoidance-avoidance conflict = the person must choose between two unfavorable options. This one tends to be most difficult to resolve and most stress inducing. (Sitting in traffic jam ve being stuck at airport)
James-Lang theory of emotions
- emotions result from perceiving bodily reactions / responses
physical arousal then emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
- emotions and physiological reactions occur at the same time
- think - cannon ball hits all at once
Schacter’s two-factor theory
the experience of emotions is due to both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (roller coaster arousal + label (anxiety or fear depending on person)
- attributed to concluding that misery loves company.
- also tied to epinephrine studies = created a physiological response Post injection of epi. If told about epi effects they just reported being aroused. When not told about the effects of epi they looked to environment to interpret how they felt.
frustration aggression vs. social learning theory
frustration aggression = aggression is always due to frustration and frustration will always lead to some form of aggression
social learning theory = we learn to be aggressive by observing models behaving aggressively and by seeing others rewarded for aggression
conformity
- influence by 3 main factors
- normative social influence = pressure to conform based on a need for approval. Explains conformity in NOT AMBIGUOUS/clear situations leading to public acceptance. Done to avoid ridicule/rejection.
- informational social influence = pressure to conform based on the belief that the other person is more knowledgeable. Explains conformity in AMBIGUOUS situations leading to private acceptance.*
- reference groups = based on people we like, admire, want to resemble
obedience
- following a direct command, usually from someone in authority
- 3 key elements = power of the person in position of authority, who will be responsible for consequences, and gradualism
deindividation
the process of letting go of one’s self-identity and adopting the identity of the group
additive vs. disjunctive vs. conjunctive vs compensatory group tasks
additive = everyone’s efforts are combined
disjunctive = the performance of the most effective group member is used (example - who has the best idea?)
conjunctive = groups success is limited by the least effective member (example = one person makes a mistake and it effects everyone)
Compensatory= each member’s effort is averaged for a single project (ex= all group final scores are averaged and final average is final grade, no individual grades)
social facilitation
when an individual’s task performance is enhance by the mere presence of others (most common when the task is familiar simple)
social inhibition
when an individual’s task performance is comprimised by the mere presence of others (most common when the task is new or complex)
etic vs. emic view of people
etic = traditional, everyone is the same regardess of cultural influences
emic = multicultural, there is no single model that will suit everyone equally and cultural norms and values play a role
acculturation vs. enculturation
acculturation = members of one culture learn about and adopt the beliefs / behaviours of another
enculturation = learning more about one’s own culture, influence primarily by family and home
assimilation vs. separation vs. integration vs. marginalization
assimilation = accept new culture, reject own culture
separation = accept own culture, reject new culture
integration = accept new culture, accept own culture (ACCEPT BOTH)
marginalization = reject both new culture and own culture (REJECT BOTH)
cultural encapsulation
- significantly impedes effective psychotherapy
- occurs when the therapist makes narrow assumptions about reality, minimizes cultural variation among individuals, disregards evidence about the superiority of the dominant culture, etc.
high context vs. low context communication
high = situation and non-verbal cues significant affect the meaning of what is verbalized (in other words - the same words can have entirely different meaning depending on how and when they are said
low = the meaning of what is communicated is based on what is explicitly said (in other words - say what you mean, be direct)
4 stages of gay & lesbian development (Troi, senses confusion, but I assume he’s committed to singing)
(1) sensitization - feeling different as a child
(2) identity confusion - recognition of homosexual feelings/impulses, denial/avoidance common
(3) identity assumption - reduction in social isolation
(4) commitment - openness about sexual orientation
5 stages of racial identity development (Atkinson, mitten & Sue; Conform-DR-IA)
(1) conformity - preference for dominant culture
(2) dissonance - beginning to appreciate pieces of minority culture, beginning to question dominant culture
(3) resistance - strong sense of identification with minority culture, rejection of dominant culture
(4) introspective - deeper analysis of feelings, beginning to see positives from both cultures
(5) synergetic articulation and awareness - appreciation of both cultures
5 stages of black identity development (Cross, PEIII)
(1) pre-encounter: idealize/prefer white culture, negative attitudes of black culture
(2) encounter: question views of black and white culture due to exposure to racism
(3) immersion-emersion: reject white culture and immerse in own black culture
(4) internalization: have positive black identity and tolerate differences.
(5) internalization-commitment: committed to social activism to reduce forms of oppression and have internalized black identity
6 stages of white racial identity development (Helm, CDR-PIA)
(1) contact - white individuals are ignorant of their privilege / racism
(2) disintegration - begin to feel uncomfortable about the advantages of being white (may deny existence of racism in order to cope)
(3) reintegration - acknowledge white identity, endorses white racial superiority
(4) pseudo-independence - beginning to question the proposition that Black’s are innately inferior to Whites, being associating more with people of color
(5) immersion/emersion - examination of self-identity
(6) autonomy - achieves a positive redefinition of being White
collateral culture
values family and social connectedness (example - Hispanic culture)
treatment approaches for Hispanics
- active, concrete, solution-focused
treatment approaches for African Americans
- establish a positive therapeutic alliance in first few sessions, convey respect, prioritize and egalitarian relationship, consider a multisystemic approach (school, church, social services, extended family)
treatment approaches for Asian Americans
- structured approach, therapist is active and directive
treatment approaches for Native Americans
- controversial opinions on this… some believe a non-directive approach is best, some believe it is bad; family therapy (including extended family members) should be used when possible
-network therapy
