Social Distribution Of Crime

Question 1

What are personal crimes?

Answer 1

Crimes against persons including muddier, assault, rape and robbery. Many of these crimes are non-utilitarian(not related to financial gain)

Question 2

Define property crimes..

Answer 2

Involve theft of property without bodily harm e.g burglary, auto theft, vandalism, arson

Question 3

What are victimless moral crimes?

Answer 3

Crimes against morality, no complainant or victim. E.g- suicide, prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use

Question 4

Define white-collar crimes..

Answer 4

Commuted by people of high social status who commit crimes in context of their occupation. E.g- embezzling(stealing money from employer), tax evasion, inside trading. More consequential for society but less investigated and least prosecuted

Question 5

Define Organised crime..

Answer 5

Committed by structured groups typically involving distribution of illegal goods and services to others. Refers to any group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises. E.g- drug trade, illegal gambling, sex trade prostitution, terrorism, money laundering. = most are utilitarian fraud, robbery, trafficking drugs and guns

(Typically organised along same lines as legitimate business and take on a corporate form)

Question 6

Define green crimes..

Answer 6

Crime against the environment e.g- toxic waste disposal, fly tipping

Question 7

State crimes meaning?

Answer 7

Crimes against human rights, state carries out or sanctions a criminal action. E.g- nazi Germany execution of Jews

Question 8

Define cyber crime..

Answer 8

Rising crime in society when a person uses internet or any technology to facilitate a criminal act

Question 9

What does juvenile crime and delinquency refer to?

Answer 9

Sub-cultural gangs and violence

Question 10

Define double deviance..

Answer 10

This refers to violent women perceived by the criminal justice system in far worse terms than men as they violate the norms of traditional feminine behaviour - pat carlen

Question 11

Define chivalry thesis/factor?

Answer 11

This theory suggests that due to paternalism and sexism in a mainly dominated police force, women who commit more crime are awarded more lenient sentences compared to men (due to protective attitude towards women) - pollack

Question 12

Define seduction of crime..

Answer 12

This refers to the idea that people commit crime to feel emotional and sensual sensations. It is the sensual experiences and emotional thrills that lead people to committing crime - Jack Katz

Question 13

Define edge work…

Answer 13

This refers to a socio-psychological concept that understands voluntary risk-taking as a temporary escape from social boundaries and search for mental and physical borderline experiences- hunter thompson

Question 14

Define canteen culture..

Answer 14

This refers to the way people working in a particular environment or workplace can develop a shared set of values and prejudices (Riener and police)

Question 15

Define institutional racism..

Answer 15

This refers to the collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin (Reiner canteen culture/ macphearson report)

Question 16

Define Occupational crime..

Answer 16

This refers to any crime committed at work. Also known as white collar crimes such as fraud. Crimes committed g a person of respectability and high social class in the course of their occupation- Sutherland. (Highlighted by Marxists)

Question 17

Define corporate crime..

Answer 17

The refers to crime committed by corporations. Such as business or individuals working in behalf of organisations (Conqlin)

Question 18

Define status frustration..

Answer 18

Refers to the feeling of frustration experienced by individuals when they are denied the opportunity of attaining social status. Caused simply by a persons position in class stratification system or social hierarchy (cohen)

Question 19

Define focal concerns..

Answer 19

Miller attempts to explain the behaviour of adolescent subculture groups in lower class communities as based on focal concerns like trouble, greed, masculinity, toughness, excitement. Necessary for a normal part of life for these groups to fit in with peers and their subculture groups

Question 20

Define social bonds….

Answer 20

This refers to offending behaviour that has broken laws with the institutions. It is suggested individuals become more criminal when they reduce bonds with society ( women and older people have more bonds so fewer opportunities to commit crime) - hirschi

Question 21

Define techniques of neutralisation..

Answer 21

This is related to the idea of occasions of delinquency. These are essential ways to excuse or neutralise any blame they have for deviance. - matza , subcultural