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Animal Cognition > Social groups > Flashcards

Social groups Flashcards

1
Q

elements needed in a social group

A

conspecific tolerance

grouping tendencies

cooperation

communication

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2
Q

tradeoffs of being in a group?

A

too big= lowers fitness as resource access competition

too small= risk of predation/competition

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3
Q

types of grouping tendenceis

A

active aggregation

passive aggregation

social/active congregation

active congregation

eusocociality

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4
Q

describe active aggregation

A

individuals attracted to an environmental factor

individuals use resources

low stabillity, lower relatedness, no recognition needed

neutral and no interactions

varying group size

some displays/physical aggressions

example: vultures around a dead object

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5
Q

describe passive aggregation

A

individuals attracted to a nonsocial factor (coincidence grouping)

low stabillity, relatedness, recogintion

i.e. jellyfihs in a water stream

varying group size

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6
Q

describe social/active congregation

A

individuals attracted to conspecifcs

high stabillity

true individual recognition

small and average group size

active affilitation aggression etc

i.e. group of monkeys, herd elephants

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7
Q

describe passive congregation

A

individuals attracted to conspecifcs for protection, foraging or reproduction

low stabillity, relatedness

some recognition and status

neutral interactions, passive affilitation

i.e. swarm of birds

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8
Q

describe eusociality

A

individuals attracted by conspecifics (reproductive task division)

high stabillity/relatedness/recognition

high cooperation (compile in specific circumstances)

ant colony, naked mole reats

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9
Q

how are social relationships constructed

A

social behaviour—> social interaction00> social relationship—-> social structure

bite—> fight–> dominance–> dominace hierachy

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10
Q

types of social interactions

A

agonistic or affilitative

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11
Q

describe agonistic interactions

A
  1. physical aggression i.e. attack, hunt
  2. display aggresio i.e threaten, display, bluff
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12
Q

describe affilitative interactions

A
  1. passive: social proximity, following
  2. active: body contact, i.e. grooming, reconcillation, consolation
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13
Q

what encompass social strategies

A

interacitons

recognition

relatedenss

stabillity

attracting factors

selective pressures

group size

group composition

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14
Q

types of cooperation

A

MUTUALISM: long-term and short term

KIN ALTRUISM

RECIPROCITY (non kin)

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15
Q

describe long-term mutualism

A

‘hopeful reproductive’

temporary loss of direct fitness for potential indirect future gain

i.e. birds and nest turn over or meerkcat group augemntation and cooperative breeding

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16
Q

describe short-term mutualism

A

‘selfish cooperatives’

quick benefit turn over

shared benefits

however dominance leads to unequal distribution i.e. co-hunting lions

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17
Q

describe reciprocity

A

non-kin process; delayed gain of direct fitness and repayment is needed

reciptient: instant benefit, actor: delayed benefi

i.e. vamprie blood sharing

but high risk of deception—> game theory, prissoners dilleman (Axelrod and Hamilton); hence antideception techniques are neded

emotional bookeeping is needed

so tit for tat is a good strategy!

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18
Q

types of reciprocity

A

direct: tit for tat

indirect: dominance

genralized: upstream

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19
Q

limits of game theory models

A

only 2 individuals

symmetric pay off (does not account for dominance)

does not explain evolution of cooperation only maintenace of it

animals decide silmuntaenously and with ltitle to no information

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20
Q

alterantive models of coperation

A

friendship

coalltion/alliance games

veto game: resource

biological markets: community focus

competitive helping; reputation focus

ultimatum game; fairness and morality

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21
Q

what is a coalition

A

an opportunisitc interaction i.e. hunting troop

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22
Q

what is an alliance

A

a longer lasting frequent interaction i.e. dolphin bans

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23
Q

describe coalition games

A

players combine forces to compete over partners (using negotiation, power balance distribution)

  1. limited number of partners
  2. differences in power between individuals
  3. negotations; distribute benefts in line with the most powerful person

e..g wild babons form coalitions to outcompete dominants

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24
Q

describe veto games

A

impact of partner choice and profit distribution

  1. coalitions formed towards a goal
  2. no successful colaition without a veto player
  3. the veto player; can form a colaition with anyone and demand higher profit
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25
Q

describe biological market games

A

alternative to reciprocal altruism without defector

obtaining a service in exchange for an alternative one; choice of partner with best commodity

no defecting and decepting!! as if someone cheats you choose someone else, and cheaters cant cheat without partners

26
Q

example of biological market theories

A

carrying babies: grooming for intant handling in baboons

ravens in cooperaiton tasks

clearner fish

27
Q

describe cleaner fish biological markets

A

cleaner fish—> remove parasites cnd clean

clients–> residents or roatmers

roamres are more picky

so cleaner prefer roamers over residents (who have less choice)

clients eavesdrop on cleaner cooperative behaviour–> bystander effect of REPUTATION

28
Q

competitive helping and altruism

A

individuals compete for status

zabahi costly signalling–> access to better partners and resources

so seeming helpful

29
Q

what is indirect reciprocit

A

support given to indviduals who help others

reputation of generosity–> makes for future attractive exchanges

two types: DOWNSTREAM (A-> B ->C)

or UPSTREAM; generalized (A–> B, B–C); pau it forward

30
Q

what is direct reciprocity

A

i scratch your back, you scratch mine

i.e. grooming exchanges

31
Q

majolo et al 2012: macaques and reciprocity test

A

rhesus macaques were tested on groomign exchanges

much evidence for direct

some evidence for indirect (downstream)

little evidence for upstream generalized reciprocity

but shows emotional bookeepign is represent

32
Q

strong reciprocity

A

shared socail tasks= cooperate with others, punish non cooereaption

impacts morality, fairness and langauge (socail norms)

public good; land of the common; leads to social norms

3rd party punshingmnet, memory, tit for tat= threats need to be real adn credible

33
Q

what is the ultimatum game + what tests were used in humans and primates

A

tests fairness, morality and social norms

in HUMANS= 2 anonymous players given task to split moeny but only 1 can decide amount split and 1 accepts or nither gets;

generally has to be at least more than 40-50% for a person to accept value

in CHIMPS; leaver system to get food used to test it

CAPUCHINS; grape and cucumber game

34
Q

kin altruism

A

personal cost of RS to help RS of unrelated individual

35
Q

kin selection

A

indirect genetic passing on via relative lineage w same genes

36
Q

inclusive fitness

A

hamiltons rule RB>c (related benefits)

37
Q

examples of kin selection

A

prarired dogs: give more alarm calls to related dogs

wild dogs: help in reproduction; gain 0.3-0.7 offspring

primates: increased grooming

38
Q

naked mole rats

A

are eusocial and have inclusive fitness

live ind esert envrionments with high living constraints

hence makes sense to increase indirect inclusive fitness by helping mothers breed

39
Q

birds and kin selection

A

high constraints of mating and nesting

no reproduction in first year so makes sense for offspring to help parents

if polygamous more likely to help females (as 2 fathers better than no fathering)

relates to polygyny threshold model

40
Q

parent offspring conflict

A

osspring invest more in themselves than their parents are willing to invest

also leads to sibling rivalries

i.e. cuckoo birds call more when sivlings are more, or ‘feighing helplessness’ as seen in langurs

41
Q

what is eucosciality

A

reproductive task division with cooperative care

queen breder with helpers/workers (often overlapping generaitons)

parasocial and subsocial

42
Q

parasocial eusocaility

A

share nests with females

hopeful reproductives; offspring and females become workers

43
Q

subsocial eucosicalityf

A

females start solitary

offspring become workers by manipulation

44
Q

ecological reasons for eucosciality

A

genetic predisiposition for eusociality due to haplodiploidy (assymetric relatedness)

affected by

  1. cost to produce offspring (c)
  2. mating success (x)
  3. relatedness (rf or rm)

Xc= rf/rm

45
Q

social group + agonistic interactions: types

A

aggressive-submissive

winner-loser

dominant-subordinate (context)

46
Q

mechanisms behind dominance

A

AGONISTIC: dominant rules aggression and fighting

FORMAL; ritualized communication e.g. pant grunt/bared teeth

COMPETITIVE ABILITY: rank and kinship for resources

47
Q

criteria of a dominance hierarchy

A
  1. UNIDIRECTIONALITY
  2. BIDIRECTIONALITY
48
Q

unidirectionality

A

directional consistency in dyads where usually one wins (despotic)

if unidirectionality is high enough and behavior is consistent a linear dominance rank order is established

49
Q

bi-directionality

A

egalitarian structures= equal chance of winning or losing

50
Q

types of dominance hierarchies

A

despotic

egalitarian

linear

51
Q

linear DH

A

pecking order

unidirectional

dyads

depends on group size

52
Q

despotic DH

A

high aggression
less tolerant

strong hierarchies

benefits biased to HR

(THIERy 4 GRADE Scale; despotic, tolerance and nepotism scale)

53
Q

egalitarian DH

A

less aggression
more tolerant
weak hierarchies

benefits shared equally

54
Q

models by Hemerijk 1999 on dominance…

A

predict that simple rules lead to stable dominance hierarchies (so against selfish herd theory where being in the group center is the safest)

self-reinforcing winner-loser effect as well as BOLD vs CAUTIOUS personalities lead to…

cautious personalities disperse (risk senstive) whereby bolds attract/intreact (obligate attack)

hence different strategies= different spatial distributions= risk sensitive have higher concentraiton of dominants; so a clrrealtion between dominance and attack frequenecy

finally, the ambigiuity-reducing strategy; only attack if similar in rank where lower costs of losing= STATUS RECOGNITION AND MEMORY

55
Q

proximate explanations of dominance: INTRINSTIC

A
  1. assymetric resource holding potentials (RHP); individual dominance determed by size strength age personaltiy etc.
  2. FAMILY/ALLIES: nepotistic dominace hiearchy
  3. SUBJECTIVE evaluation of RESOURCE VALUE; reproductive stat,e locak knowledge, residence, etc.
56
Q

proximate explanations of dominance: EXTRINSIC

A

winner-lsoer effect and hormones; i.e. cooper head snakes more liekly to lose if lost before due to losing increasing cortisol levels

57
Q

how is status recognized

A

SMELL (lobster urine)

COLOUR/HAIR/HORMONES

DISPLAYS/VOCALIZATIONS

58
Q

how do actors minimize competitive risks when assessing the status of an opponent

A
  1. Self-assessment: based on OWN RHP (hormones; i.e. testoserone)
  2. MUTUAL assessment: status recogniztion and RHP RELATIVE to opponent (i.e. cues like body size, social order, vocals, patternings)
  3. BYSTANDER ASSESMENT; eaves dropping, priming, observation, cost/benefit of display, physical aggression etc,
59
Q

benefits of dominance

A

priority over mates
resources
territory
hiding places

60
Q

costs of dominance

A

time and energy to fight/control

risk of wound/death

predation risk

being cheated

61
Q

do dominants have higher fitness

A

often but subordinates can use deception/sneaky behaviour ot increas their own fitness

Animal Cognition (10 decks)

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