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sociology - families & households > social policy > Flashcards

social policy Flashcards

1
Q

define gender roles direct policy

A

policies aimed at changing or reinforcing gender roles

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2
Q

define gender roles indirect policy

A

policies that may have not intended to impact on gender roes but have had subsequent impact

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3
Q

impacts of policy on gender roles

A

maternity and paternity leave
increased divorce and negotiated family
availability of childcare
increased career options

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4
Q

maternity and paternity leave (gender roles)

A

9 months paid maternity leave reinforces the traditional role of the female as primary caregiver
Introduction of shared paternity leave acknowledges the role of the father in a child’s life and allows parents so split parental leave
Both parents can have up to 13 weeks off in the first 5 years of their child’s life for caring responsibilities - Emphasis on shared responsibility

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5
Q

increased divorce and negotiated family (gender roles)

A

Ease of divorce can have indirect impact on gender relationships between partners
Gender roles need to be more equal with negotiated family, so men are more likely to be involved in domestic labour and childcare
Women are expected to pursue a career to contribute to the income

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6
Q

availability of childcare (gender roles)

A

Opportunities such as 30 hour free childcare for 3+ and working tax credits to help pay for afterschool and breakfast clubs removes social expectation of women to stop working
Men involved in picking up and dropping children off at childcare
Sure Start Centres provided Dad and Baby clubs to help men bond with their children

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7
Q

increased career opportunities (gender roles)

A

Gender roles have become more equal as a result of women’s employment - A result of changes to employment laws
Equality Act states people can’t be discriminated against on grounds of family, pregnancy or gender - Allowing women to have higher career aspirations

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8
Q

family structures direct policies

A

policies that promote or reject certain household structures

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9
Q

family structures indirect policies

A

policies that may not have intended to impact on household structures but once implemented them

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10
Q

social policies impacts on family structure

A

Increased cohabitation and delayed marriage
Increased divorce
Same sex families
More lone parent families

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11
Q

Increased cohabitation and delayed marriage (family structure)

A

Career aspirations of women mean that marriage is delayed as women focus upon their careers
Availability of contraception and legalisation of abortion means couples can delay having children
Greater geographical movement means people often work apart or decide to travel before settling down

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12
Q

Increased divorce (family structure)

A

Divorce reform has led to increase in breakdown of family unit leading to more lone parent families, lone parent households and more reconstructed families
Creation of welfare state means resident parents could get greater financial support from the state for looking after children

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13
Q

same sex families (family structures)

A

Decriminalisation of homosexuality, introduction of civil partnerships and same sex families have changed family structures
Changes to legalisation to adoption and IVF treatments have led to increase in same sex families

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14
Q

lone parent families (family structure)

A

Welfare state provides protections for lone parent families - led to accusations of welfare dependency
Availability of IVF treatments and lone parent adoption means women can choose to parent alone
Creation of Child Support Agency to chase down non resident parents

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15
Q

childhood direct policies

A

policies aimed at changing the lives of children

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16
Q

childhood indirect policies

A

policies that may not have intended to impact on children but have changed their experiences

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17
Q

changes to childhood

A

Children dependent on adults for longer
Childhood is disappearing
Society has become more child centred
Different experiences of childhood

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18
Q

children dependent on adults for longer (childhood)

A

Cuts to student grants and introduction of tuition fees - more students going to local universities and staying at home
Changes to employment laws - creation of zero hour contracts and temporary contracts
Increased volume of boomerang kids
Extension to compulsory education - children require adult financial support for longer

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19
Q

childhood is disappearing (childhood)

A

Impact of educational policy on children’s mental health
Impact on austerity on working families and lone parent families
Increase in the number of child carers and the lack of support in social care
Increased conflict due to family break ups - divorce reform and child support agency

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20
Q

society has become more child centred (childhood)

A

Children’s Act - promoted the rights of children
Contraception and abortion- reducing number of unwanted pregnancies
Reduction in number of children - policies have promoted equality in the workplace and compulsory education which has made children economic burdens
Marketisation of education - importance of parental involvement in education for children to get ahead

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21
Q

different childhood experiences (childhood)

A

Migration policies - impacted on families with families unable to live together
Social class - working class children and lone parent families disadvantaged by austerity policies
Gender - privatisation policies have impacted on the future career prospects for men in traditional masculine jobs
Different family types - changes to legalisation mean that children may have 2 parents of the same sex

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22
Q

how do functionalists see the state

A

as acting in the interests of society as a whole and social policies as being good for all

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23
Q

how do functionalists see social policies

A

as helping families to perform functions more effectively

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24
Q

Fletcher (functionalist)

A

Introduction of health, education and housing policies since industrial revolution has gradually led to development of welfare state that supports family in performing functions effectively

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25
Q

Donzelot (functionalist)

A

Conflict view of society and sees policy as a form of state power and control

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26
Q

Foucault concept of surveillance

A

Sees power not just as something held by the government or state but as diffused throughout society and found within all relationships
Sees professionals as exercising power over clients by using their knowledge to tun them into cases to be dealt with

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27
Q

Political campaign: Back to Basics - explanation

A

Conservative PM, John Major urged a ‘back to basics’ approach, which he put forward as traditional family values. Associated with rhetorical attacks on single parents by some conservative ministers with New Right perspective, with some making connections between murder of Jamie Bulger and lone parent family backgrounds

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28
Q

Political campaign: Back to Basics - implications on family

A

Against lone parents
Direct policy on children and family structures
Traditional nuclear family

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29
Q

Political campaign: Back to Basics - functionalism

A

Likes it
Idea that nuclear family performs socialisation
Warm bath theory
Traditional nuclear family

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30
Q

Section 28 - explanation

A

Government introduced a rule that prevented local government from promoting homosexuality and included provision that schools couldn’t teach the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship. Government went beyond promoting ideal of the traditional nuclear family to directly attacking and denying an alternative family structure

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31
Q

Section 28 - implications on family

A

Against same sex families
Direct policy on family structure
Indirect policy on childhood
Traditional nuclear family

32
Q

Section 28 - functionalism

A

Likes it
Promotes traditional nuclear family
Gets rid of social problem

33
Q

Children’s Act 1989 - explanation

A

Ensured that all people and organisations working with children have a responsibility to help safeguard children and promote their welfare

34
Q

Children’s Act 1989 - implications on family

A

Against same sex families
Direct policy on family structure
Indirect policy on childhood
Traditional nuclear family

35
Q

Children’s Act 1989 - functionalism

A

Likes it
Looks after children
Other organisations

36
Q

Married Couples Tax Allowance - explanation

A

Traditionally New Right governments have tried to maintain tax allowance for men whose wives don’t work in order to encourage traditional family structure

37
Q

Married Couples Tax Allowance - implications on family

A

Direct policy on gender roles
Increased career options
Indirect policy on family structures
Traditional gender roles

38
Q

Married Couples Tax Allowance - functionalism

A

Likes it
Traditional nuclear family
Traditional gender roles

39
Q

what does social policy encourage according to New Right

A

dependency culture

40
Q

what are the 2 essential functions that social policy threatens, according to New Right

A

successful socialisation of young
maintenance of work ethnic among young men

41
Q

Almond (New Right)

A

Laws making divorce easier undermine idea marriage is lifetime commitment
Introduction of civil partnerships for same sex couples suggests state no longer sees heterosexual marriage as superior
Tax laws discriminate against conventional families

42
Q

Murray (New Right)

A

Critical of welfare policies and benefits
Cash payments to support lone parents undermine conventional family

43
Q

New Right opinions on cohabitation

A

Argue increase rights for unmarried cohabitants make cohabitation and marriage similar
Suggests state doesn’t see marriage as special

44
Q

New Right evaluation - marxists

A

An ideology to justify policies that benefit ruling class and capitalism
Child Support Agency is really to cut state expenditure and cutting taxes

45
Q

Political campaign: back to basics - new right

A

Likes it
Conventional nuclear family

46
Q

Section 29 - new right

A

Likes it
Conventional nuclear family
Heterosexual family

47
Q

Married Men’s Tax Allowance - explanation

A

Until later in Thatcher/Major era, married women tax affairs were dealt with along with their husbands, rather than independently. Change towards individual taxation to reflect changed workplace but New Right governments tried to maintain a tax allowance for men whose wives don’t work, in order to encourage traditional family structures

48
Q

Married Men’s Tax Allowance - implications on family

A

Direct policy on gender roles and family structure
Traditional gender roles and nuclear family

49
Q

Married Men’s Tax Allowance - new right

A

Likes it
One earner
Nuclear family

50
Q

Child support agency - explanation

A

Established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for upbringing of their children. Meant, where possible, money to support lone parent families came from absent parents as opposed to the government

51
Q

Child Support Agency - implications on family

A

Direct policy on lone parents and family structure
Indirect policy on childhood

52
Q

Child Support Agency - New right

A

Likes it
Continued responsibility

53
Q

how does new labour thinks view the family

A

Family is the bedrock of society and saw a family headed by married, heterosexual couple as the best environment for bringing up children

54
Q

Silva & Smart (new labour)

A

Reject New Right view that family should have 1 male earner
Recognised women should go out to work
Favour dual earner neo-conventional family

55
Q

define modernisers (new labour)

A

recognise families are much more diverse and willing to reflect this in their policies

56
Q

define traditionalists (new labour)

A

favour New Right view and reject diversity as morally wrong

57
Q

Hayton (new labour)

A

modernisers
traditionalists
This division means conservative party has found it difficult to maintain a consistent policy line on the family

58
Q

1969 (and 1984) Divorce Act - explanation

A

Before 1969 - one partner had to prove that the other was at fault in order to be granted a divorce
1969 - marriage could be ended if it had inevitably broken down and neither partner no longer had to prove fault. However, if only one partner wanted a divorce, they had to wait till 5 years after marriage
1984 - they had to wait 1 year after marriage till divorce could be granted

59
Q

1969 (and 1984) Divorce Act - implications on family

A

Direct policy on family structures - increased divorce, lone parents
Indirect policy on gender roles
Indirect policy on childhood - different experiences

60
Q

1969 (and 1984) Divorce Act - New Labour

A

Doesn’t like it
Favour dual earner neo-conventional family

61
Q

Working Family Tax credits 2003 - explanation

A

Replaced married men’s tax allowance. Removed tax incentive for couples to get married and stay married. Provided a tax allowance for families with children to help pay for childcare. Designed to encourage both parents to work rather than to incentivise one to stay at home. Later followed with Child Tax Credits which further developed this

62
Q

Working Family Tax Credits 2003 - implications on family

A

Direct policy on gender roles
Indirect policy on family structure
Traditional nuclear family

63
Q

Working Family Tax Credits 2003 - New Labour

A

Likes it
Dual earner

64
Q

Civil Partnerships Act 2004 - explanation

A

Gave same sex couples the rights and responsibilities similar to those in civil marriage

65
Q

Civil Partnerships Act 2004 - implications on family

A

Direct policy on family structures
Indirect policy on family

66
Q

Civil Partnerships Act 2004 - New Labour

A

Likes it
Alternative family structure

67
Q

Drew (feminists)

A

gender regimes

68
Q

define gender regimes (Drew)

A

describes how social policies in different countries can encourage or discourage gender equality in the family and at work

69
Q

define familistic gender regimes (Drew)

A

policies based on traditional gender division where men are the breadwinners and women are the house wife

70
Q

define individualistic gender regimes (Drew)

A

policies that encourage husbands and wives to be treated the same

71
Q

childcare policies - explanation

A

Surrounding school timetables and holidays

72
Q

childcare policies - implications on family

A

Direct policy on childhood
Indirect policy on family

73
Q

childcare policies - feminism

A

Likes it
Women can go to work
Individualistic gender regimes

74
Q

Policies which provide care for the sick and elderly - explanation

A

Keeping the elderly at home environment

75
Q

Policies which provide care for the sick and elderly - implications on family

A

Direct policy on gender roles
Indirect policy on family structure

76
Q

Policies which provide care for the sick and elderly - feminism

A

Dislike it
Traditional gender roles
Familistic gender regimes

sociology - families & households (8 decks)

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