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P/S MCAT > Social processes, attitudes, and behavior > Flashcards

Social processes, attitudes, and behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Michelangelo phenomenon

A

Concept of self is made up of both intrapersonal self the interpersonal self

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2
Q

intrapersonal self

A

ideas an individual has regarding his or her own abilities, traits, and beliefs

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3
Q

interpersonal self

A

manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self.

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4
Q

social action

A

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

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5
Q

Social Facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others

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6
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of Social Facilitation

A

being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal

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7
Q

Deindividuation

A
  • when individuals are in group settings: individual behavior can be dramatically different in social environment
  • individual loses sense of individuality
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8
Q

antinormative behavior

A
  • behavior against the norm

- Attempts to provide an explanation for violent behavior seen in crowds and riots

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9
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

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10
Q

Social Loafing

A

Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting

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11
Q

Peer Pressure

A

Social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

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12
Q

Peers

A

individuals who are equals within a social group

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13
Q

Identity Shift Effect

A
  • mechanism behind peer pressure
  • individual will often conform to the norms of the group when their individual state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection
  • Individual will begin to experience internal conflicts since the behavior is outside their normal character
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14
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

simultaneous presence of two opposing thought or opinions

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15
Q

social interaction

A

looks at the behavior and actions of two or more individuals who take one another into account

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16
Q

Group Polarization

A

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members

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17
Q

Groupthink

A
  • desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
  • attempt towards eliminating or minimizing group conflict
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18
Q

Illusion of Invulnerability

A

creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking

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19
Q

Collective Rationalization

A

Ignoring warnings against the ideas of the group

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20
Q

Illusion of Morality

A

belief that the group’s decisions are morally correct

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21
Q

Excessive Stereotyping

A

construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

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22
Q

Pressure for Conformity

A

pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group. Opposition is viewed as disloyal.

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23
Q

Self-Censorship

A

withholding of opposing views

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24
Q

Illusion of Unanimity

A

false sense of agreement within the group

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25
Q

Mindguards

A

appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

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26
Q

Fad

A

behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable

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27
Q

Mass Hysteria

A

shared intense concern about the threats to society

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28
Q

Culture

A
  • beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people
  • Learned by living within a society and observing/adopting their behaviors and traits
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29
Q

Assimilation

A

individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begins to resemble that of another group

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30
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

location with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity

31
Q

Multiculturalism

A

communities or societies that contain multiple cultures

32
Q

Subcultures

A
  • Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from their primary culture
  • Can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.
33
Q

Counterculture

A

subculture that gravitates towards an identity that is at odds with the majority culture

34
Q

Socialization

A

Using of social experiences to learn acceptable behavior in society

35
Q

Cultural Transmission/Cultural Learning

A

way a society socializes its members

36
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

spread of norms, customs, and beliefs

37
Q

Primary Socialization

A

occurs during childhood when acceptable actions and attitude in society are initially learned

38
Q

Secondary Socialization

A
  • process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
  • Occurs outside the home and is for learning rules in specific environments
39
Q

Anticipatory Socialization

A

process by which one prepares for future changes in their occupations, living situations or relationships

40
Q

Resocialization

A

one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

41
Q

Norms

A

Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

42
Q

Mores

A

widely observed norms

43
Q

Sanctions

A

penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

44
Q

Negative Sanctions

A

fines, incarceration, corporal punishment (infliction of pain), capital punishment (execution)

45
Q

Taboo

A

socially unacceptable, disgusting or reprehensible

46
Q

Folkways

A

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions

47
Q

Deviance

A

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

48
Q

Social Stigma

A

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

49
Q

Labeling Theory

A

suggests that the labels given to people affect both a person’s self-image, and how others respond to that person

50
Q

Differential Association Theory

A

deviance can be learned through interactions with others

51
Q

Differential Association

A

degree to which one is surrounded by ideals that adhere to social norms vs. ideals that go against them

52
Q

Strain Theory

A

explains deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure

53
Q

Conformity/majority influence

A

Matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

54
Q

Normative Conformity

A

desire to fit into a group in fear of rejection

55
Q

Internalization

A

changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of that group

56
Q

Identification

A

outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally believing them

57
Q

Compliance

A

Change in behavior based on a direct request

58
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

small request is made, and then a larger request is made after the first one is accepted

59
Q

Door in the face technique:

A

Large request is made at first and then a second smaller request is made if the larger one is refused

60
Q

Lowball technique

A

requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

61
Q

That’s not all technique

A

individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, they are told the deal is even better than expected

62
Q

Obedience

A

Changings one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

63
Q

Social Cognition

A

focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behaviors

64
Q

Attitude

A

expression of positive or negative feelings towards a person, place, thing or scenario

65
Q

Functional Attitudes Theory

A

states that attitudes serve four functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaption, and ego defense

66
Q

Knowledge functions

A

provides consistency and stability

67
Q

Ego-Expressive

A

allows one to communicate and solidify self-identity

68
Q

Adaptive

A

idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

69
Q

Ego-Defensive

A

protect our self-esteem or justify action that are known to be wrong

70
Q

Learning Theory

A

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning

71
Q

Elaboration Likelihood model

A

separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information

72
Q

Central Route Processing

A

people who elaborate extensively and think deeply about information. Make decisions based on their thought

73
Q

Peripheral Route Processing

A

people who do not elaborate and focus on superficial details like the appearance of a person, a slogan, or credibility

74
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others

P/S MCAT (12 decks)

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