Socioemotional development - temperament and personality

Question 1

Thomas and Chess (1977) conceptualize temperament as a ________ that can be described in terms of ________ and that most infants can be categorized on the basis of these dimensions into one of three groups:

Answer 1

• behavioral style
• nine dimensions (e.g., activity level, distractibility, adaptability, intensity of reaction)

1) Easy children: positive mood
2) Slow-to-warm-up children: negative mood, low activity
3) Difficult children: negative mood, high activity

Question 2

________ children tend to have a positive mood, adapt easily to new people and situations, can tolerate frustration, and have regular feeding and sleeping routines

Answer 2

Easy

Question 3

________ children have a mildly negative mood, take time to adapt to new people and situations, have low levels of activity, and have moderately regular feeding and sleeping routines.

Answer 3

Slow-to-warm-up

Question 4

________ children have a negative mood, cry frequently, respond negatively to new people and situations, are very active, and have irregular feeding and sleeping routines.

Answer 4

Difficult

Question 5

Thomas and Chess’s goodness-of-fit model proposes that a child’s behavioral and emotional outcomes are affected by:

Answer 5

the match between the child’s temperament and the demands of his/her social environment.

Question 6

Rothbart describes temperament as “constitutional differences in ________ and ________, with ‘constitutional’ seen as the relatively enduring ________ of the organism influenced over time by heredity, maturation, and experience”.

Answer 6

• reactivity
• self-regulation
• biological makeup

Question 7

Reactivity refers to ________ and is determined by the latency, duration, and intensity of ________ to positive and negative stimuli

Answer 7

• the responsivity of underlying biological processes
• attentional, affective, and motor responses

Question 8

Reactivity consists of which 2 factors:

Answer 8

1) Surgency/extraversion: high activity level, intense pleasure seeking, and a low level of shyness
2) Negative affectivity: mood instability and a tendency to be sad, fearful, and irritable

Question 9

________ refers to processes that facilitate, maintain, and inhibit reactivity and consists of one factor – ________ – which is the ability to “inhibit a dominant response … in order to perform a subdominant response” (Rothbart, 2011, p. 57).

Answer 9

• Self-regulation
• effortful control

Question 10

Kagan (1989) focused on the temperamental characteristic of behavioral inhibition (BI), which he described as:

Answer 10

the tendency to respond to unfamiliar people and situations with negative affect and withdrawal

Question 11

Studies have found that BI is associated with:

Answer 11

• an increased risk for anxiety (especially social anxiety)
• depression
• poorer social functioning in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
• parents of children with BI had higher rates of childhood anxiety disorders themselves as well as continuing anxiety disorders in adulthood

Question 12

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development consists of ____ stages that begin at birth and end in ________. It proposes that ________ is focused in a different area of the body in each stage and that excessive gratification or frustration of a child’s impulses during a stage can result in ________ at that stage, which affects the child’s outcomes.

Answer 12

• five
• adolescence
• libido (sexual energy)
• fixation

Question 13

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development emphasizes social and cultural influences on personality and views personality development as ________. It distinguishes between ____ stages that each involve a different ________ and proposes that, the more successful the resolution of the crisis at each stage, the better the outcomes.

Answer 13

• continuing throughout the lifespan
• eight
• psychosocial conflict

Question 14

What are the 5 stages of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

Answer 14

1) Oral: birth to 1 year
2) Anal: 1 to 3 years
3) Phallic: 3 to 6 years
4) Latency: 6 to 12 years
5) Genital: 12 to adolescence

Question 15

What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory of psycosocial development?

Answer 15

1) trust vs. mistrust / HOPE: birth to 1 year
2) autonomy vs. shame/doubt / WILL: 1 to 3 years
3) initiative vs. guilt / PURPOSE: 3 to 6 years
4) industry vs. inferiority / COMPOTENCE: 6 to 12 years
5) identity vs. role confusion / FIDELITY: adolescence
6) intimacy vs. isolation / LOVE: young adulthood
7) generativity vs. stagnation / CARE: middle adulthood
8) Integrity vs. despair / WISDOM: late adulthood

Question 16

Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive developmental theory was influenced by Piaget and is based on the assumption that gender identity development depends on _______. It describes gender identity development as involving three stages:

Answer 16

• cognitive development
• 1) gender identity: 2 to 3 years
• 2) gender constancy: about 4 years
• 3) gender stability: about 6 or 7 years (when conservation skills emerge)

Question 17

Bussey and Bandura’s (1999) social cognitive theory proposes that gender identity development is the result of a combination of ________ and ________ of the behaviors of same-gender adults and children and ________ that occurs when children receive praise and other reinforcement only when they engage in ________ behaviors.

social learning theory of gender identity development

Answer 17

• observation
• imitation
• differential reinforcement
• gender-appropriate

Question 18

Bem’s (1981) gender schema theory combines elements of cognitive developmental theory and social learning theory and proposes that children organize gender-typed experiences and information into ________ that they use to ________ information about themselves and others.

Answer 18

• gender schemas
• perceive, encode, and interpret

Question 19

According to Bem, people differ with regard to the extent to which they rely on gender schemas, and she distinguished between:

Answer 19

1) gender-schematic: gender salient, use of gender norms to guide behavior/judge others
2) gender-aschematic: gender not as salient, less likely to use gender norms

Question 20

Egan and Perry’s (2001) multidimensional model does not address gender identity development but, instead, identifies the components of gender identity. According to their model, gender identity consists of which five components:

Answer 20

1) Membership knowledge
2) Gender typicality
3) Gender contentedness
4) Felt pressure
5) Intergroup bias

Question 21

High scores on measures of gender typicality and contentedness have been linked to ________, while a high score on a measure of ________ has been linked to adjustment problems.

Egan and Perry’s (2001) multidimensional model

Answer 21

• high levels of self-esteem and peer acceptance
• felt pressure