Sociological theory applied to equal opportunities- Key terms, Definitions of key Terminology and Social action theory Flashcards
Define Society
Define Social Control
Society= A group of People with common interests living within an ordered community setting for a specific purpose.
Social control= A Social process in which individual attitudes and behaviors are regulated via society’s values, with social change also influencing how an individual behaves within society.
Define what is meant by Primary and Secondary socialisation
The lifelong learning norms, values and roles to earn in a place in society.
Primary= From immediate family
Secondary= From Media, Friendship groups and Schools (Teachers/Coaches)
Explain how secondary socialisation within schools can influence children in sport. [2 marks]
[AO2 = 2]
- Teachers influence the adoption of positive/negative key values (1)
- Teacher/sports coach influences choice through their own enthusiasm (1)
- Channelling/demographic influences sports played (1)
- Peer group preferences leads to following others/complying with social norms (1)
Accept other appropriate examples of how schools influence secondary socialisation of children in sport.
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Define Social Change
Define Stratification
Social change= Significant changes in social behaviours and/or cultural values over time, leading to long-term effects.
Stratification= is a type of social inequality / division associated to characteristics of wealth or status
What term can you use to recall the different social groups? Also, what does each letter stand for
DR GAS
D=Disability
R=Race
G=Gender
A=Age
S=Socio-economic factor
Define Prejudice
Define Social issues
Prejudice= A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
Social issues= Problems affecting people within a society
Distinguish between the terms social control and social issues.
(Total 2 marks)
Social control
• Regulating people’s thoughts / feelings / appearance / behaviour
Social issues
• Problems affecting people within a society
Describe, using examples, what you understand by the term social stratification.
(Total 2 marks)
Stratification
* Society divided into different levels
* Based on characteristics of wealth
An example of social stratification is when house prices/rent increase in areas that recieve investment. Specifically, the average price of rose significantly in East London following the Olympic games.
Some schools have skiing clubs. They take students on skiing trips abroad in the winter.
Explain why social stratification can affect participation rates in skiing. [3 marks]
- Those with increased wealth will be able to buy equipment to ski, compared to less wealthy (1)
- Increased wealth will allow individuals to travel to ski resorts (1)
- Those individuals that are able to participate in skiing because of wealth are more likely to compete in competitions / have coaching / lessons or become elite athletes (1)
- Lower participation rates from lower / working class people due to perception that skiing is a middle / upper class activity (1)
Accept the reverse of all points above.
Accept any other appropriate explanations of why social stratification can affect participation rates in skiing.
Lauren is a 22-year-old member of a local athletics club and has regularly competed in middle distance races since an early age.
Evaluate the impact that socialisation could have had on Lauren’s choices and her current involvement in sport.
(Total 8 marks)
AO1 – Knowledge of socialisation
- e.g. Socialisation is a lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
- Socialisation has two phases. Primary socialisation occurs during early years of childhood usually within the immediate family. Secondary socialisation, however, occurs during later years (teenager to adult) when family are less involved and other agencies / people / groups have more influence.
- Gender socialisation is the act of learning to conform to gender roles through socialisation.
- Social control refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feeling, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems including social norms.
AO2 – Application of socialisation to Lauren as a female athlete
- e.g. During primary socialisation how active Lauren’s parents and siblings were will have directly influenced her views on sport and physical activity. She will have also been influenced by the sports they played / watched / enjoyed.
- During secondary socialisation her peer group and school will have had a greater influence on Lauren’s choices.
AO3 – Analysis / evaluation of how socialisation will have impacted her choices
e.g. In the primary socialisation stage it is likely that Lauren developed an interest in athletics from her immediate family who will also have been required to support her in her participation. Had her family not had an interest in athletics it is unlikely she would have been involved from a young age.
During secondary socialisation Lauren may have been further encouraged to take part in athletics by her friends and teachers at school. Had her friends / peer group not been supportive this may have resulted in Lauren giving up athletics or her involvement in sport be reduced.
Gender socialisation may have dictated the events within athletics that Lauren was drawn to avoiding the strength / power events typically associated with men.
Credit other relevant evaluation of the impact that socialisation will have had on Lauren’s choices and development as an athlete.
Max 8 marks
Consider the impact social stratification can have on sporting participation. [4 marks]
Type / choice of activity
- Social Class – may affect which activity choice is made – tennis / horse riding (1)
- Those with higher socio-economic status can select schooling (public / state schools) – better facilities in more affluent areas, some sports are still associated to wealth (1)
- It may be that sections or certain groups of society are still underrepresented in specific sports (1)
- Some in society may feel inferior / unwelcomed / embarrassed to participate in certain sports (1).
Number of opportunities
- Those individuals with more disposable income may be able to access clubs, facilities and resources more readily (1)
- It may be that sections or certain groups of society are still underrepresented in sport overall (1).
Time / money / transport
- Social Class – lower status families may place more emphasis on children working or contributing to chores / education (1)
- Social class may now not be having such an impact as there are clubs and facilities accessible for all classes (1).
Accept any other impact of social stratification on sporting participation.
Social stratification can impact on the sports participation of an individual. One example of social stratification may be the class that an individual belongs to.
Evaluate the different sporting experiences that upper class and working class 15-year-olds may have and how this might impact on their life-long participation in sport.
[8 marks]
AO1 – Knowledge of social stratification and social class * Social stratification is a type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels based on a social characteristic
- Social class is a term used to define social inequalities
- e.g. certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power than others.
- Factors which contribute to social class include a person’s job, family, background, education and income
AO2 – Application of social class to experiences in sport (variety and amount)
- An upper class 15 year is likely to have greater access to a wide range of sports
- This is because they will be able to afford equipment, membership fees etc which are required to participate
- It may be suggested that they will also be better educated having access to facilities at school but also having a greater understanding of the importance of being physically active
- However, there may be greater pressure from parents/school for upper class students to perform well in education which may limit the time they have available for sport
- A working class 15-year-old may not have access to as many sports as they may not be able to afford equipment, membership fees etc. which are required to participate
- Their main provider of sporting experiences is likely to be there school
- They may have less time to participate if they have a part time job
- It may be however that the working-class child plays more sport than the upper-class child
- This could be because they have more time due to lower expectations to perform well in education
- They may see sport as a means of social mobility and a way to change their social class
AO3 – Evaluation of impact on life-long participation
- As upper-class children will be able to try more sports it increases the chances of them finding one they enjoy
- Understanding the importance of physical activity for health and wellbeing also means they are more likely to make time to take part in sport
- May be less likely to enjoy life-long participation
- Due to pressure of job/responsibilities/lack of motivation
- (A working class 15-year-old may not have access to as many sports as they may not be able to afford equipment, membership fees etc. which are required to participate.) This may limit the likelihood of them participating throughout their life as they may have negative experiences
- Only playing sports they don’t enjoy or playing in substandard facilities or with substandard equipment
- May be more likely to enjoy life-long participation
- Due to it providing income/additional income/escapism
- Social class not fixed so may move classes during lifetime, impacting participation
Credit other relevant evaluation of the different sporting experiences that an upper class and working class 15-year-old may have and how this might impact on their life-long participation in sport.
Define the term Equal opportunities [1 mark]
Define the term Prejudice [1 mark]
Define the term Chanelling [1 mark]
Equal opportunities is the right to access the same opportunities, regardless of race, age, sex, mental or physical capability.
Prejudice means to form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts.
Channelling refers to groups of people being bushed into certain sports based on asumptions about them. E.g a person with Indian heritage should play Cricket
Which one of these describes social control?
A
The way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems.
B
Where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.
C
An alteration in the social order of a society.
D
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.
(Total 1 mark)
A
Define the terms society and socialisation.
(Total 3 marks)
Society
• Organised group of people associated for some specific purpose / with shared interests
Socialisation
- (Lifelong) process where members of a society learn its norms / values / ideas / roles
- Primary - during early years / childhood - mainly within (immediate) family
- Secondary - during the later years / e.g. as teenagers and adults
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