Sociological theory applied to equal opportunities- Groups in sport, Barriers to participation, Benefits of Raising participation & Sport England and partners Flashcards
What phrase can you use to recall the different social groups and the factors that affect their participation in Sport?
Social groups= D R G A S
Factors= FIRED MC CASS
What does each letter of DR GAS FIRED MC CASS Stand for?
(you need to know the social groups and at least 6 factors)
Social groups= D isability R ace G ender A ge S ocio economic factors
Factors= F inancial restrictions I nclusivenessR ole modelsE ducationD iscrimination
M ediaC ulture
C hanneling A ccessibility S tereotyping Status
Why have the opportunities for participation in activities such as climbing increased for people with disabilities? [3 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
- Equal opportunities / inclusion / social acceptance
* ‘less discrimination’ – too vague* - Demand from people with disabilities
- Improved technology
- Group identified as lower participation / focus group
- Adapted equipment / facilities / activities / clubs
* not related to transport or access to facilities e.g. ramps* - Specialist coaches
- More media coverage must link to disabled coverage
- role models
- Physical and mental health benefits
- PE programmes
- Additional funding
Accept any other suitable point that explains why disabled people have more opporunities in sports such as climbing
this is a three mark question
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
From the data, it is evident that the white British group has a higher participation rate compared to the ethnic minority groups (1)
Ethnic minority groups may lack role models / confidence and self-esteem, which leaves a lack of inspiration for ethnic minority groups to get involved in a sport (1)
Ethnic minority groups may have conflict with culture / religion which prevents them becoming involved in sport (1)
Some ethnic minority groups may still be concerned about racism / discrimination, making them more likely to not play sport (1)
Some ethnic minority groups still stereotype participation in particular sports, which may put some individuals off from participating (1)
There may still be language barriers that are preventing participation and access for ethnic minority groups, which may hinder confidence / access to join a club (1)
Accept any other appropriate analysis of the factors that might influence the participation rates of ethnic minority groups.
Identify some benefits to the nation as a consequence of improved Health, Social and Fitness capabilities
Societal benefits of more active nation – Eg reduced crime rates, constructive use of time of the masses, community spirit, legacy projects, more/improved facilities, reduced NHS costs.
Table 2 shows the percentages of inactive adults by socio-economic group according to data collected in the Active Lives Adult Survey 2016/17. [4 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
Trend: * people in lower socio-economic groups are more likely to be inactive (Use of data to support), eg 38% of group 8/unemployed are inactive compared to only 17% of groups 1–2/High-earning professionals (1).
Causes (sub max 3)
- As they have less money, they are less able to afford to play sport (equipment, memberships fees, transport etc) (1).
- Areas with high levels of unemployment/low socio-economic classes have fewer facilities providing fewer opportunities (1).
- Lower socio-economic groups may be less well educated and not understand the benefits of participation in physical activity as well (1).
- Geographical causes, eg limited space, in inner-city area where lower socio-economic groups tend to reside (1).
- Schooling, eg state v private, with lower socio-economic groups generally attending state schools with less resources (1).
- Stereotyping, eg some sports have upper-class image, like equestrian sports putting off lower socioeconomic groups (1).
- Fewer role models in positions of responsibility for lower socio-economic groups (1).
Accept reverse if explaining why people in higher socio-economic groups are less likely to be inactive.
Accept any other appropriate analysis of the underlying causes of the trend shown in Table 2.
Maximum 4 marks
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Explain the barriers that disabled athletes face and evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies used to overcome these barriers.
Use the data in Table 2 to support your answer.
[8 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
AO1 – Knowledge of barriers and strategies for disabled athletes in isolation
Barriers to participation include; lack of facilities, funding, specialist coaches, specialist equipment, location, role models.
Strategies to overcome barriers to performance include; increased media coverage, more role models, more funding
AO2 – Application of barriers and strategies to participation for disabled athletes and performers in Table 2
- Disabled participation may be lower due to low levels of media coverage. As there is a limited amount of disability sport on TV and in the news disabled athletes may not be aware of the opportunities that exist for them or how to access the opportunities they do know about.
- Increased media coverage is a strategy that can potentially help to overcome barrier to participation by increasing the number of role models.
- Participation rates for both groups, but especially for disabled athletes, are lower in 2015/16 than they were in 2012/13. This suggests a decline in participation following the London Olympics.
AO3 – Evaluation of effectiveness of strategies to overcome these barriers to participation
- Increasing the media coverage of disabled sport would educate people on the capabilities of disabled performers, helping to overcome the myths and stereotypes that currently exist. However TV stations rely on viewing number to gain income from sponsors and it is believed that disability sport would have a limited audience. Therefore it is unlikely this will happen. Also the figures from Table 2 also imply that this strategy of increasing media coverage is ineffective.
- Improving facilities and transport for disabled people would help them to access the range of activities which are available to them. However this would involve increased spending and investment, and sponsorship of disability sport is hard to come by due to its limited exposure and low participation rates.
Credit other relevant analysis of the impact of prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping on disabled participation in sport explaining the barriers they must overcome and suggesting possible solutions to overcome these barriers.
Describe ways in which some social groups such as women, those with a disability or disadvantaged groups are discriminated against in sport. [4 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
- Stereotyping
- Restrictive membership clauses / not allowed to join clubs / teams
- Fewer competitions / coaching provision / facilities / e.gs. crèches / ramps
- Financial restrictions / cannot afford
- Racism / sexism / verbal abuse
- Less tournament earnings / less funding / sponsorship;
- Less media coverage / lack of role models / less in positions of power / decision making
Accept any other point that describes why some social groups such as women or those with a disability or disadvantaged groups are discriminated against in sport
Lack of specialist coaches, equipment and role models can result in low participation rates in sport for people with a disability.
Identify three other barriers to participation for people with a disability.
(Total 3 marks)
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
A. Stereotypes (eg not capable) / discrimination / fear of being judged
B. Low self-esteem / lack of confidence
C. Safety concerns
D. Lack of competition / clubs
E. Lack of adapted facilities / access to facilities
Ensure it relates to facilities, not equipment
F. Less media coverage of disability sport
Accept first three answers only
One of the key slogans of the London 2012 Olympic Games was ‘Inspire a Generation’.
Suggest reasons why not all sports or groups of performers, such as women, will benefit from success at the Olympic Games. [4 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
Not the same amount of media coverage for all sports / groups
Fewer role models / high profile performers
Lower status of sport / difficult to compete against traditional sports / more successful sports
Different funding levels / less sponsorship / lack of Government funding
Lack of access to clubs / facilities
Sporting organisations unable to cope with demand
Provision in schools / National Curriculum / extra-curricular activities / poor club-school links
Cultural barriers / discrimination / stereotyping / sexism
Lack of control / decision making by other groups
Needs reference to group at some point within the response.
Not just a generic list.
The Active People Survey 5 showed that the proportion of males participating in physical activity was 20.5%, whereas participation among females was 12.4%.
What social and economic barriers may account for the lower participation rate of women in physical activity? [4 MARKS]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
General point about sexual discrimination;
Do not accept lack of transport
Effects of lack of media coverage / role models / female coaches;
Accepted gender role / stereotyping/traditional role / child care / family commitments
Accept examples of traditional roles
Inappropriate activity / physiological myths / poor body image;
Sport as a male preserve / keep women out;
Idea that sport is for men
Lower (disposable) income / expense;
Financial limitations
Less time available;
Time constraints
Less resources / lower funding / prize money / sponsorship opportunities / fewer facilities / reduced access / fewer female clubs / opportunities;
Lower extrinsic rewards
[4]
Lack of specialist coaches, equipment and role models can result in low participation rates in sport for people with a disability.
Identify three other barriers to participation for people with a disability. [3 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
A. Stereotypes (eg not capable) / discrimination / fear of being judged
B. Low self-esteem / lack of confidence
C. Safety concerns
D. Lack of competition / clubs
E. Lack of adapted facilities / access to facilities
Ensure it relates to facilities, not equipment
F. Less media coverage of disability sport
Accept first three answers only
Max 3 marks
The Active People Survey (2010–2011), conducted by Sport England, found that less than 10 per cent of disabled people regularly took part in physical activity.
Discuss the suggestion that disabled participants have equal opportunities to takepart in sport. [5 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
Yes
Key term is specialised / equiv, eg specialist coaches / facilities, etc
Improve access to facilities / disabled sessions
Relates to transport
More competition / clubs / teams / activities / adapted sports
Increase numbers of specialised coaches / trained staff
Improve numbers of / better specialist facilities / access ramps / technology
Relates to within the facility – Not ‘more facilities’
Publicity / campaigns / increase media coverage / role models / Paralympics / funding / sponsorship
Increased awareness of needs / integrated into PE programmes / inclusiveness
Sub max 4
No
Insufficient clubs / teams / competitions
Access still a problem to / within sports facilities / special times / sessions for disabled
Lack of qualified coaches / provision of specialist coaching
Need greater use of campaigns / promotion / paralympians / Special Olympians to inspire / role models / media coverage / lack of funding / sponsorship
Lack of awareness of needs / abilities in specialised training / courses / PE Programmes
Sub max 4
[5]
Badminton is a popular physical activity amongst women.
Suggest reasons why female participation rates are relatively high in this activity. [4 marks]
Environmental conditions, eg dry, warm, comfortable, indoors
Individual / don’t rely on a team
Can be played casually / recreationally / socially / competitively / own pace
About when and how played
Can maintain health and fitness
Increased provision in schools / leisure centres/clubs
Do not accept more facilities / opportunities
Lifetime activity / suitable for all ages;
Non-contact / not as aggressive / non-strenuous;
Is about the physicality of the activity
Socially acceptable / women traditionally played badminton / positive role models, eg Gail Emms
[4]
How can schools encourage more females to take part in physical activity? [4 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
Make PE interesting / fun / enjoyable / rewards;
Single sex / female only groups;
Offer a wider range of activities / noncontact / non-competitive sports.
accept examples of possible activities
Other roles and leadership / coaching opportunities;
Suited to modern / fashion / cultural / image needs / relaxed dress code;
Offer clubs / extra curricular activities.
Different from C – outside of P.E. lessons.
Advertise / posters;
Inspirational teachers;
Improve links with local clubs / associations;
Emphasise importance of a healthy lifestyle;
Sports Ambassadors / role models.
Over the last 20 years, women’s participation in activities such as aerobics, resistance training and yoga has grown. Suggest reasons for this growth. [5 marks]
DR GAS FIRED MC CASS
Health / fitness / maintaining body / weight (fat) loss.
Stereotypical ideals of women’s physique / body image promoted by the media / fashionable activity / role model / socially acceptable.
Increased leisure time.
More independence / have become less tied to home / housework / equal opportunities.
Greater disposable income.
Greater mobility / accessibility to transport.
Improvement in levels of provision / more opportunities, including at home / clubs / sessions.
Improvement in child care facilities / crèches / nurseries.
School PE programmes promote healthy lifestyle / lifelong learning / provide opportunities for such activities.
Positive discrimination to encourage women’s participation / women only sessions / social activity.
Sport England promotes physical activity among under-represented groups such as women
Indoor / non-competitive / non-contact.
Explain some of the social benefits of increased participation in physical activities. [4 marks]
Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):
- Raised levels of chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins
- Have calming effect / help person to feel happier/better about themselves
- Improved sleep patterns result from participation in regular exercise
- Feel better / better mood
- Improve skills of concentration / clearer focus on social relationships
- Increased confidence/ self-esteem
- Meet new people / friendships / relationships
[4]
The figure below shows the increase in the number of women participating in sport and physical activity in the United Kingdom (UK) over the past 100 years.
Discuss whether current opportunities for women to take part in sport and physical activity are the same as for men. [4 marks]
Yes:
Women have more leisure time / less tied to home / housework;
Women have greater disposable income / greater mobility / accessibility to transport;
Women encouraged to participate on the grounds of health / fitness / weight loss;
Fits in with stereotypical ideals of women’s physique / body image;
Promoted by the media / fashionable activity / role model;
Improvement in levels of provision for some activities / more clubs;
Improvement in child care facilities / crèches;
School PE programmes promote healthy lifestyle / provide opportunities for aerobics / conditioning activities;
Positive discrimination by local leisure centres to encourage women’s participation;
/ women only sessions;
Sport England / WSF – policy to promote sport / physical activity among under
represented groups such as women / equal opportunities.
No:
Lack of equal opportunities / male dominated sports;
Limited membership rights of clubs / membership restrictions / men only section /
fewer leagues / clubs;
Rules / regulations / preventing women / girls playing with / against men;
Sexual harassment / verbal abuse discourages participation;
Sexual stereotyping channelling girls / women into female appropriate sports;
Overlooked for top sport jobs / coaching / management / administration;
School-based PE programmes limited activities available for girls;
Less tournament earnings / sponsorship eg Wimbledon / lack of media coverage /
denigration by media / more male professionals.
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