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Gr. 11 Intro to SAP > U3 - Sociology > Flashcards

U3 - Sociology Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What is Sociology?

A

Sociology is the study of society and human behaviour

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2
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Auguste Comte is the father of sociology and believed society can be studied scientifically, advocating for positivism

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3
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

Harriet Martineau is the mother of sociology. She emphasized studying both political economy and society and was one of the first to advocate for women’s rights and social reform.

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4
Q

What are the goals of Sociology?

A

To understand and explain social behavior, and to study the structure and dynamics of society.

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5
Q

Schools of Thought in Sociology (Paradigms)

A

Structural Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism

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6
Q

Macrosociology vs. Microsociology

A

Macrosociology looks at large-scale social processes, like the economy.
Microsociology looks at small-scale interactions, like those between individuals in families or groups

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7
Q

Big Three Sociological Paradigms (Perspectives)

A

Structural Functionalism (Macro), Conflict Theory (Macro), and Symbolic Interactionism (Micro)

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8
Q

Paradigm #1: Structural Functionalism

A

Emile Durkheim
MACRO
Society works best when everything is stable and balanced
Influenced by the French and Industrial Revolutions
Society is stable when institutions meet the needs of its members

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9
Q

Paradigm #2: Conflict Theory

A

Karl Marx
MACRO
Society is full of inequalities based on things like class, race and gender
Powerful groups use social systems to stay in control

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10
Q

Paradigm #3: Symbolic Interactionism

A

MICRO
People create meaning through their everyday interactions
We use words, signs and symbols that shape how we see the world

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11
Q

What are social institutions?

A

Social institutions are structured systems in society that organize fundamental activities.

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12
Q

What are the purposes of social institutions?

A

They serve to socialize individuals, regulate behavior, and maintain stability in society.

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13
Q

5 main types of social institutions

A

Family, education, religion, economy, and government.

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14
Q

What is Structural Functionalism?

A

It’s the theory that society works like a machine, with each part (like family, education) helping to keep things stable.

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15
Q

Structural Functionisim is Macro or Micro

A

Macro

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16
Q

What are the 3 main purposes of social structures/institutions according to Structural Functionalism?

A

Socialization, regulation, and stability—teaching societal rules, controlling behavior, and keeping society functioning smoothly.

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17
Q

Status

A

A position within a group or institution (e.g. student, teacher)

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18
Q

Role

A

The expected behaviours associated with a status (e.g. students attend class, complete work)

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19
Q

Role Strain

A

When someone struggles to meet the expectations of one role

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20
Q

Role Conflict

A

When expectations from two different roles clash (e.g. being both a supervisor and a friend)

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21
Q

Analogy of Society

A

Society functions like a machine, with each part (or institution) contributing to the whole

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of suicide according to Emile Durkheim?

A

Egoistic, Altruistic, Anomic, and Fatalistic.

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23
Q

Egoistic suicide

A

Results from too little social connection (isolation)

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24
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

Results from too much connection (sacrifice for the group)

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25
Anomic suicide
Occurs during periods of sudden change or chaos (lack of rules)
26
Fatalistic suicide
Results from excessive regulation and feeling trapped (no freedom)
27
What is the "Looking Glass Self" theory by Charles Cooley?
We see ourselves through how we believe others see us
28
What’s the difference between “I” and “Me” in George Herbert Mead’s theory?
"I" is the spontaneous, unpredictable part of us "Me" is the socialized part that follows society’s rules. Ex. “I” says: I want to dye my hair purple because it’s fun “Me” says: People might judge me for it
29
"Me"
The socialized self Reflects how others see us Developed through interaction Follows rules and norms Thinks about the consequences
30
"I"
The spontaneous, creative self Impulsive, unpredictable, acts independently Represents personal freedom and choice Reacts to the “Me” but isn’t fully controlled by it
31
What is a primary group?
A primary group is a small, close-knit group like family or close friends, where you share deep emotional connections.
32
In-group
Groups you belong to
33
Out-groups
Groups you don't belong to
33
Anticipatory Socialization
Learning behaviours by observing and mimicking expected roles
34
What’s the difference between in-group and out-group?
In-group refers to groups you belong to and identify with, while out-group refers to groups you don’t belong to and may feel excluded from.
35
What is socialization?
Socialization is the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and behaviors of society.
36
5 stages of sociolization
1. Infancy (Primary Socialization) 2. Childhood (Secondary Socialization) 3. Adolescence 4. Adult 5. Old Age
37
Primary Socialization
Occurs within the family during early childhood
38
Secondary Socialization
Involves experiences outside the family (peers, school, media)
39
Adult Socialization
Learning new roles as an adult (e.g. parenting, career)
40
What are secondary agents of socialization?
Secondary agents, such as school, peers, and media, influence us as we grow and interact outside the family.
41
What’s the difference between manifest and latent functions?
Manifest functions are the intended, visible results of social actions, while latent functions are the unintended and hidden consequences.
42
What is Conflict Theory?
Conflict Theory focuses on power struggles and inequality in society, especially between different social classes.
43
What does Karl Marx’s Conflict Theory emphasize?
It focuses on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (working class), advocating for a classless society.
44
What is social stratification?
Social stratification is a system where society ranks individuals based on factors like wealth, power, and prestige.
45
Socio-economic Status
Made up of income, education, and occupation
46
Social Stratification
System of hierarchical classification in society based on wealth, power, and prestige
47
George Dei & Theory
Focused on systematic racism, colonialism, and how these influence social inequalities
48
What is Max Weber’s theory?
Social action, bureaucracy, and the Protestant work ethic
49
What is W.E.B. Du Bois’s concept of "double consciousness"?
one consciousness is how you see yourself, one is how others see you
50
What is Feminist Theory?
Feminist Theory examines gender inequality and advocates for social justice, focusing on women’s rights and roles in society.
51
What are the three main types of feminism?
Liberal Feminism (focuses on legal equality) Radical Feminism (aims to dismantle patriarchy) Socialist Feminism (links gender inequality with class oppression).
52
What is Dorothy Smith’s contribution to feminist theory?
Dorothy Smith focused on the lived experiences of women and how social structures shape gender relations.
53
What is social identity?
Social identity is how we define ourselves based on our group memberships, such as gender, race, or religion.
54
What is social learning theory?
Social learning theory states that people learn behaviors through observation, imitation, and reinforcement.
55
Gender Schema Theory
Children form mental representations (schemas) of gender roles from society
56
Gender Socialization & Stereotyping
The process by which individuals learn societal expectations about gender roles
57
What is the difference between primary and secondary groups?
Primary groups are intimate and emotionally close (e.g., family), while secondary groups are larger and more task-focused (e.g., work teams).
58
Vanier Institute Definition of Family
A family is defined by its role in nurturing and socializing individuals.
59
Physical Maintenance & Care
Food, shelter, medical care
60
Addition of New Members in a family
Through birth or adoption
61
Socialization of Children
Teaching social skills, norms, and values
62
Social Control
Guiding acceptable behaviour, discipline
63
Production & Consumption
Earning and spending money, supporting the economy
64
Affective Nurturance
Providing love and emotional support (can differ across cultures)
65
Behaviour Norms
Expectations of behavior in various social contexts
66
Abnormal Socialization
Involves behaviors learned outside social norms (e.g., criminal behavior)
67
What is Symbolic Interactionism?
Focuses on how people create and interpret symbols in everyday interactions
68
Social Belonging
The feeling of inclusion in a group
69
Social Group Characteristics
Interaction, shared identity, social structure, consensus on values.
70
Social Identity
Self-concept based on group membership
71
Symbols, Interaction, Interpretations
Symbols have meaning only because individuals give them meaning
72
Is Symbolic Interactionism Micro or Macro
Micro
73
What does Charles Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self” mean?
It suggests that our self-concept is shaped by how we believe others perceive us.
74
Dyad
Two-person group (e.g., friends).
75
Informal Groups
Loose gatherings (e.g., neighbours).
76
What is prosocial behaviour?
Prosocial behaviour is positive, helpful actions that benefit others, like kindness and altruism.
77
Peer Group
A Group of individuals with shared interests.
78
Reference Group
A group used for comparison.
79
Primary & Secondary Groups
Close-knit versus purpose-driven groups.
80
Sanctions
Reactions (positive or negative) used to enforce norms
81
Informal Sanctions
Unofficial (e.g., praise or disapproval).
82
Formal Sanctions
Officially recognized (e.g., fines, imprisonment).
83
What is deviance?
Deviance refers to actions that violate societal norms, whether or not they break the law.
84
What is the difference between crime and deviance?
Crime involves breaking laws, while deviance involves breaking societal norms, even if not illegal.
85
What does Structural Functionalism say about deviance?
Deviance helps society by setting clear boundaries of acceptable behavior and can promote social change.
86
What is Conflict Theory’s view on deviance?
Deviance is often a result of inequality, as those with power define what is deviant to maintain control.
87
What does Symbolic Interactionism say about deviance?
Deviance is a label applied by society
88
What does Structural Functionalism say about deviance
Deviance serves functions like setting norms and promoting social change.
89
How does media sensationalism affect deviance?
The media exaggerates crime and deviance, which influences public perception and fear.
90
What is collective behaviour?
Collective behaviour refers to spontaneous, unstructured group actions, like protests or crowds.
91
What is the difference between formal and informal sanctions?
Formal sanctions are official consequences (e.g., fines, imprisonment), while informal sanctions are unofficial
92
Resocialization
Adapting to new social environments (e.g. prison, new culture)
93
Mass Media
Technology designed to reach a mass audience
94
Mass Media Impact on children
1. Violence 2. Child Development 3. Sexuality in Media
95
Media Literacy
Media literacy is the ability to critically evaluate media messages
96
Cultural Familiarity
Media exposes people to shared culture
97
Cultural Diffusion
Mass media spreads cultural items like ideas, language, music, and fashion
98
Global Village
The world is increasingly connected, but this can lead to loss of cultural diversity
99
Sexual Content
Media representation of safe sex and its effects on behavior
100
4 types of crowds
1. casual crowd 2. conventional crowd 3. expressive crowd 4. acting crowd
101
casual crowd
Present in the same place, not interacting Minimal influence on individuals Bystander Effect / Bystander Apathy
102
Conventional Crowd
Scheduled event Norms guide behaviour
103
Expressive Crowd
Gather to express emotion (e.g., weddings, concerts, protests)
104
Acting Crowd
Focused on action/goal (e.g., riots, looting) May escalate to violence
105
Convergence Theory
Crowd is the result of like-minded individuals converging
106
Rational Decision Theory
People make cost-benefit decisions to join collective actions
107
Prosocial Behaviour
Prosocial behaviour includes kindness, generosity, altruism Shows that social interaction can be motivated by compassion, not just self-interest

Gr. 11 Intro to SAP (6 decks)

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