Soma Flashcards
test 1 content
which features of neurons are shared with glia?
embryonic origin (neural tube, except microglia), cell body, nucleus, organelles
which features of neurons are not shared with glia?
morphological and functional asymmetry, electrical excitability, chemical excitability
what are the three main divisions of the cell body?
cell membrane (plasmalemma), cytoplasm (cytosol and membranous organelles), and cytosol
what does the cytosol contain?
aqueous fluid that contains cytoskeleton, protein complexes, few free cytosolic enzymes, and non-membranous organelles
what are the three non-membranous organelles?
ribosomes, proteasomes, and microtubule organizing center
what are the two types of ribosomes?
ER-attached ribosomes: synthesis of membrane/organelle-bound proteins
free ribosomes: makes cytosolic proteins
defects can cause neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimers and spinal muscular atrophy
what do proteasomes do?
chop up ubiquitin-labeled proteins into small peptides for recycling, proteasomes are made in the soma and transported to neurites, defects can cause protein accumulation which leads to neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinsons, alzheimers, and huntingtons disease
what do microtubule organizing centers do?
form microtubules, determine the polarity of the cells and stereocilia in neurons
what are the five membranous organelles?
mitochondria, peroxisomes, nucleus, nucleolus, and the many types of vacuolar apparatus
what do mitochondria do?
they are a connected mobile system that undergoes fusion/fission ATP extraction from nutrients which provides energy for neurotransmission, acts as a calcium buffer, defects can cause parkinsons, alzheimers, huntingtons, and ALS
what do peroxisomes do?
degrade fatty acids and amino acids, make phospholipids for myelin, prevent (peroxide) H2O2 accumulation
defects cause zellweger spectrum disorder due to buildup of fats which block cell migration
what does the nucleus do?
largest organelle that consists of nuclear envelope with hydrophilic channels, nucleoplasm, chromosomal DNA, histones, enzymes, and transcription factors, is the site of transcription (DNA->mRNA)
what does the nucleolus do?
site of rDNA->rRNA, and r-proteins to assemble ribosomal subunits
what is the vacuolar apparatus and what are its parts?
a functionally connected system that acts as the digestive system of the cell, made up of rough ER, smooth ER, golgi complex, early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes
what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
continuous with the nuclear envelope, and is the ribosomal site of protein synthesis and post-translational modification, nucleus->cytoplasm transport, cytosolic calcium buffer
