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Final Exam A&P > Somatic And Special Senses > Flashcards

Somatic And Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

5 different classes of receptors

A

-mechanoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-nociceptors

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Mechanical forces

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemicals in solution

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6
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Tissue damage/pain

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7
Q

What percentage of the US population have some kind of hearing loss?

A

8%

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8
Q

Conduction deafness

A

-Interference of sound waves reaching receptor cells
-earwax, otitis media, tympanic perforation, otosclerosis
-most cases of hearing loss ~95%

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9
Q

Sensorial deafness

A

-damage to cochlea or auditory nerve pathway
-prolonged exposure to loud noises
-gradual loss throughout life

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10
Q

What fluid is contained within the osseous labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

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11
Q

What fluid is contained within membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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12
Q

Other hearing and equilibrium problems

A

-tinnitus
-Meniere’s syndrome
-dizziness

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13
Q

Which nerve carries impulses to the brain from the cochlea and vestibule?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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14
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Position in space when not moving

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15
Q

Where are receptor cells for static equilibrium located?

A

Hair cells within the macula which are found in utricle and saccule of the vestibule/membranous labyrinth

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16
Q

Mechanism of static equilibrium

A

-Has to do with the way stereocilia are bent in the vestibule
-bending the hair cells toward the kinocilium increase the rate of fire causing depolarization

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17
Q

Mechanism of dynamic equilibrium

A

-semicircular canals translate rotational movement into nerve impulses
-Endolymph pushes crista ampularis causing hair cells to bend and send nerve impulses to the brain

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with movement of the extrinsic eye muscles?

A

-oculomotor
-trochlear
-abducens

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19
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater

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20
Q

6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

-superior oblique : moves eye down and laterally
-inferior oblique : moves eye up and laterally
-superior rectus : elevates eye
-lateral rectus
-inferior rectus : depresses eye
-medial rectus

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21
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

-fibrous (outer)
-vascular (middle)
-nervous (inner)

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22
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

-dense fibrous connective tissue
-sclera and cornea

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23
Q

Vascular tunic

A

-iris, choroid and ciliary body

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24
Q

Structure and function of iris

A

-circular; most anterior
-consists of melanin and hemoglobin
-dilates pupil
-regulates the amount of light entering the eye

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25
Q

Nervous/sensory tunic

A

Composed of the retina

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26
Q

What are rods?

A

-Low light/black and white vision
-inner segment: mitochondria
-outer segment: contains visual pigments

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27
Q

What are cones?

A

-Highlight intensity/color vision
-inner segment: mitochondria
-outer segment: contains visual pigments

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28
Q

What is the wavelength range for visible light spectrum?

A

380-750 nm

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29
Q

What is refraction?

A

Light rays bending when passing from an area of one optical density to another

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30
Q

Myopia

A

-nearsighted
-focal point is in front of the retina making distant objects appear blurry

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31
Q

Hyperopia

A

-farsighted
-focal point lies behind the retina making distant objects appear more clear than closer objects

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32
Q

How can myopia be corrected?

A

Using a concave lens

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33
Q

How can hyperopia be corrected?

A

Placing convex lens in front of eyes

34
Q

What receptor types are taste and smell receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors

35
Q

Taste receptor distribution

A

-sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

36
Q

Gustatory nerves

A

Facial, Glossopharyngeal, vagus

37
Q

What comprises the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What comprises the motor division of the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic

39
Q

What comprises the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division

40
Q

What comprises the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Nerves of the body

41
Q

Sensory division function

A

Carries messages from sense organs and internal organs to the CNS

42
Q

Motor division function

A

Carries messages from the CNS to internal organs, glands, and muscles

43
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Carries messages to organs and glands
-regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis
-part of the motor division

44
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-carries messages to muscles under voluntary control
-part of the motor division

45
Q

Sympathetic division

A

-prepares the body for emergencies
-fight or flight
-part of the autonomic nervous system

46
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

-controls the body during nonemergencies
-rest and digest
-part of the autonomic nervous system

47
Q

Parasympathetic fibers

A

-craniosacral division
-long preganglion fibers
-short postganglion fibers

48
Q

Sympathetic fibers

A

-thoracolumbar division
-short preganglionic fibers
-long postganglionic fibers

49
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland in the sympathetic response?

A

Cortex: secretes steroid hormones
Medulla: secretes neurotransmitters directly to the blood

50
Q

Why do sympathetic effects tend to last longer than parasympathetic effects?

A
  1. Norepinephrine is inactivated more slowly than acetylcholine
  2. Uses a second messenger system
  3. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released into the blood stream and remain there until destroyed by the liver
51
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Language, math and logic

52
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Visual-spatial skills, emotions and artistic skills

53
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

-controls pituitary gland
-links nervous and endocrine systems
-produces ADH
-regulates body temp
-secretes oxytocin

54
Q

Functions of the midbrain

A

-Head and eye movement
-Carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus

55
Q

Functions of the pons

A

-Helps to relay reflexes
-consists of reflex centers pertaining to breathing
-respiratory rhythmic center
-contains nerve points that control head and facial nerves
-regulates walking and relaxing

56
Q

Functions of medulla

A

-All ascending and descending information passes through the medulla
-autonomic centers that control BP, HR, respiration, and digestion

57
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Unconscious, automatic response to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle

58
Q

Different types of reflexes

A

1.cardiac (affects HR)
2.vasomotor center (vasoconstriction/dilation)
3.respiratory center (in pons; regulates breathing)
4. Non vital reflexes: sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

59
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A

-Regulates and controls skeletal muscles
-help maintain posture
-consists of peduncles
-balance and equilibrium

60
Q

Spinal cord segments

A
  1. Dorsal root (sensory neurons; info comes in)
  2. Ventral root (motor neurons; info goes out)
  3. Interneurons within gray matter
61
Q

Ascending pathways/tracts of the spinal cord

A
  1. Fasciculi
  2. Spinothalmic
  3. Spinocerebellar
62
Q

How do pain receptors differ from other types of receptors?

A

Make us conscious of tissue injuries

63
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Sodium ions quickly diffuse into cell between nodes and excite voltage regulated gates that will generate next action potential down the axon

64
Q

Astrocytes functions

A

-Metabolism
-help control the environment/blood brain barrier
-neuron development
-responds to tissue damage

65
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

Form myelin sheath

66
Q

Schwann cells functions

A

-Myelinate in PNS
-neurolemma of axons in PNS
-help repair damaged nerves

67
Q

Microglia

A

-Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris

68
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-Line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS (spinal cord/ventricles)
-consist of and secrete cerebral spinal fluid

69
Q

What happens to the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft after it’s initiated an action potential?

A
  1. Diffuses into the ECF
  2. Synaptic knob reuptakes them by endocytosis
  3. Acetylcholine esterase degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft
70
Q

Reticular formation

A

-Associated with your ability to sleep and wake up
-activate cortex into wakefulness
-increased stimulation results in increased consciousness

71
Q

Transducers

A

-Convert one form of stimulus energy into another form
-important because it makes you aware of changes in internal and external environments

72
Q

Major nerve plexus

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

73
Q

Ascending spinal tracts

A

Carry sensory info up the cord

74
Q

Descending spinal tracts

A

Conduct motor signals down the cord

75
Q

Spinal cord functions

A

Conduction, neural integration, locomotion, reflexes

76
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

77
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid and what produces it

A

Filtration of blood plasma through capillaries of the brain and is modified by ependymal cells

78
Q

Interoreceptors

A

-internal visceral and blood vessels
-monitors taste, GI system activity, cardiovascular and urinary activity

79
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

-surface of the body
-pressure, temp, touch, sight, smell, hearing

80
Q

Broca’s area

A

involved in language processing and speech production; located in the left hemisphere in frontal lobe

81
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes and relays sensory information to the cerebrum

Final Exam A&P (1 decks)

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