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Space Flashcards

1
Q

How many constellations are there?

A

There are 88 Constellations recognized by the

international Astronomical Union (IAU)

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2
Q

What are stars used for?

A

People past and present believe that celestial
objects are connected to events that occur on
Earth. Stars are also used for navigation.

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3
Q

What do stars form?

A

Stars form patterns in the night sky. They began naming these star patterns after their heroes, mythical monsters, and animals, such as Leo the lion.

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4
Q

How were constellations put together?

A

Constellations were put together by people
using their imagination and doing a connect-
the-dots puzzles.

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5
Q

What are stars slowly doing?

A

The stars are slowly moving in relation to each other so in thousands of years they will appear slightly different.

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6
Q

What is a star map?

A

A star map is a map of the night sky that shows
the relative positions of the stars in a particular
part of the sky.

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7
Q

What is a planesphere?

A

A planesphere is a very useful type of star map that is used to display only those stars that are visible at a given date and time.

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8
Q

What is a celestial sphere?

A

People use to believe the sky to be a solid sphere

with celestial objects in fixed positions.

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9
Q

Cultures have developed calendars by observing the sky, why was this important?

A

This was important for timing crucial agricultural and religious events.
ex. Egyptian farmers noticed annual flooding of
the Nile River, used for crop irrigation, would
occur once every 365 days when the Sun was
passing through the constellation Leo.

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10
Q

What would other civilizations use to mark the beginning of summer?

A

Other civilizations marked the beginning of summer using stones (Stonehenge)

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11
Q

The North Celestial Pole is very close to which star in the constellation known as the Little Dipper or Ursa Minor.

A

It is the star called Polaris

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12
Q

What is an Iroquois legend about constellations?

A

The stars that make up the bowl of the Big Dipper are, in fact, a giant bear (Ursa Major). The stars of the handle are three warriors hunting the bear. As the constellation sets close to the horizon in autumn, the hunters injure the bear. The blood of the injured bear turns the leaves of the trees on Earth red.

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13
Q

In a H-R diagram, what is the range of surface temperatures?

A

Surface temperatures range from 3000-50 000 degrees celcius

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14
Q

In a H-R diagram, what are the colours from brightest to least brightest star?

A

Blue or blue-white, white, yellow, red-orange, red

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15
Q

What do scientists believe about all matter and energy in the Universe?

A

Scientists believe that all matter and energy in the Universe expanded from a point smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. Expansion from this hot, dense mass with an incredibly small volume is known as the Big Bang.

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16
Q

How long ago did the Big Bang occur?

A

Occurred 13.6-13.8 billion years ago. Approximately 14 billion.

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17
Q

At this first instant of time and space, the Universe was extremely…

A

At this first instant of time and space, the Universe was extremely hot, and energy was spreading outward very
quickly.

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18
Q

What happened as the Universe cooled?

A

As the Universe cooled, energy began turning into matter- mainly hydrogen.

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19
Q

What is the most widely accepted scientific explanation of the origin of the Universe?

A

Over hundreds of millions of years, this matter formed clumps, which eventually formed stars and galaxies.

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20
Q

In 1965 what did two scientists (Penzias &

Wilson), accidentally discover?

A

In 1965 two scientists (Penzias & Wilson), accidentally discovered that radiation was coming from all directions in the Universe. This was determined to be remnants of the energy released by the initial expansion of space.

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21
Q

What measures temperature imprints of the

beginning of structure in the Universe?

A

“Background microwave radiation” measures temperature imprints of the beginning of structure in the Universe (like fossils are an imprint of past life on
Earth).

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22
Q

When did the first stars begin to shine?

A

The first stars began to shine about 200 to 300 million years AFTER the Big Bang.

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23
Q

What are the challenges of space travel?

A

Getting in to space, Feeling of “weightlessness”, Health Risks, Space Junk

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24
Q

Getting into space- what are space shuttles equiped with in order to get past Earth’s atmosphere and gravitational pull?

A

Space shuttles must be equipped with powerful rockets in order to get past Earth’s atmosphere and gravitational
pull.

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25
Q

Getting into space- To maintain orbit, what must the shuttle do?

A

To maintain orbit, the shuttle must travel at precisely the right speed, and the right height based on the weight of
the space craft, the duration of the mission, the distance the crew must travel- MANY calculations

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26
Q

Getting into space is…

A

Very expensive

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27
Q

Feeling of “weightlessness”- Objects and people are..

A

Objects and people are weightless for the duration of the voyage.

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28
Q

Feeling of “weightlessness”- Microgravity environment with a very weak gravity causes…

A

Microgravity environment with a very weak gravity causing unsecured objects to float.

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29
Q

What are the main health risks of space travel?

A

The human body relies the force of gravity to assist in its functions.

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30
Q

Health risks- Microgravity can cause…

A

-dizziness, disorientation, dehydration,
and nausea
-“ A Puffy-face bird-leg syndrome”, blood
pools in the upper part of the body and
legs lose muscle mass.
-Muscles and bones weaken in space
-Spinal column expands in space resulting
in 2-8cm extra height which can cause
back pain
- Exposure to very high levels of radiation
from the Sun

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31
Q

Space Junk- what kind of materials are left behind?

A
  • Broken or out-dated satellites are left behind

- Astronauts sometimes lose their tools in space- OOPS!

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32
Q

Space Junk- If space debris falls back to Earth then what is a potenial danger?

A

Space debris can fall back to Earth, may be an impact risk if the material doesn’t burn up.

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33
Q

Space Junk- what can be dangerous for space shuttles?

A

Space junk can be dangerous for space shuttle as they launch into outer space.

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34
Q

In the future, what will the Moon be used for?

A

A testing ground for mars exploration

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35
Q

What is a future goal?

A

To send a human-occupied spacecraft to Mars to explore its surface

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36
Q

In 2020, what will we use the Moon for?

A

In 2020 we will use the Moon (which is similar to Mars and MUCH closer), to spend extended periods of time on the surface in preparation for the voyage to Mars.

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37
Q

What is a star?

A

Staralargelightproducingobject(throughnuclearfusion)
whosegravityislargeenough topullotherobjectsnearit.
Life of a star = nebula  nuclear fusion core collapse

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38
Q

What is a planet?

A

Planet- anobject,whichorbitsastar

39
Q

What is a satellite?

A

Satelliteanobjectwhichorbitsaplanetex.moons,artificialsatellites

40
Q

What is a galaxy?

A

A galaxy is a massive group of stars, gas and dust all held together by gravity. Galaxies contain upwards to 100 billion stars.

41
Q

What are the charcteristics of the Milky Way Galaxy?

A

It is 75 000 light years in diameter, it is a spiral galaxy, occupies about 400 billion stars (the Sun is located near the outer part of the spiral)

42
Q

What is a spiral galaxy?

A

Galaxy with tightly wound spiral arms

43
Q

What is an elliptical galaxy?

A

Slightly elliptical to nearly circular

44
Q

What is a barred spiral galaxy?

A

Spiral with a bright bar of gas through the center

45
Q

What is a peculiar galaxy?

A

Fits none of the descriptions

46
Q

What is an irregular galaxy?

A

Small, patchy, irregularly shaped galaxy

47
Q

What is the closest galaxy to us?

A

Andromeda (2.5 million light years away) it is visible with a naked eye. It was discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1925.

48
Q

What are tides?

A

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.

49
Q

What is a semidiurnal tide?

A

Most places in the ocean usually experience two high tides and two low tides each day

50
Q

What is a diurnal tide?

A

Some locations experience only one high and one low tide each day

51
Q

What are the times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by?

A

The times and amplitude of the tides at the coast are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean and by the shape of the coastline and near-shore depth.

52
Q

The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time what has the moon done to the tides?

A

It has passed overhead once and underfoot

once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is 12 hours and 25 minutes.

53
Q

The Sun also exerts on the Earth a gravitational attraction, what does this result in?

A

Which results in a (lesspowerful) secondary tidal effect.

54
Q

When the Earth, Moon and Sun are approximately

aligned, these two tidal effects reinforce one another, resulting in…

A

higher highs and lower lows. This alignment occurs approximately twice a month (at the full moon and new
moon).

55
Q

What are extremely high tides called?

A

These recurring extreme tides are termed spring tides.

56
Q

What are extremely low tides called?

A

Tides with the smallest range are termed neap tides

57
Q

When do spring tides and neap tides occur?

A

Occurring around the first and last quarter moons

58
Q

The largest great lakes experience a tide of what height?

A

The largest great lakes experience tide of only 1 to 4 cm.

59
Q

What are the pillars made of in the “Pillars of Creation?”

A

Clouds of dust and hydrogen gas.

60
Q

What is the key component (element) found in stars?

A

Hydrogen

61
Q

What is the most important force in astronomy?

A

Gravity

62
Q

What is the early phase of the star called once the gas and dust begin to coalesce into a sphere?

A

Protostar

63
Q

What energy powers the star throughout its life?

A

Thermonuclear fusion.

64
Q

In what state do stars spend most of their life cycle? (Our sun is currently in this phase), where the star is in gravitational equilibrium?

A

Main Sequence.

65
Q

What characteristic indicates how hot a star is?

A

Colour

66
Q

Small, cool red stars are called

A

Red Dwarfs

67
Q

What are the most common types of stars in our universe?

A

Red Dwarfs

68
Q

How long will our Sun live?

A

10 Billion Years

69
Q

From where did the elements in our bodies originate?

A

From stars. Some from nuclear fusion on the main sequence. Some from supernova explosions.

70
Q

Why are we sometimes called “stardust”?

A

The elements in our bodies are made from stars that already lived.

71
Q

With a high rate of spin and a massive magnetic field, a neutron star will emit a beam of… It can then be known as a…

A

With a high rate of spin and a massive magnetic field, a neutron star will emit a beam of Light (X-Rays). It can then be known as a Pulsar.

72
Q

When a star that is so massive that the neutrons cannot hold anymore it is then crushed into a…

A

Black Hole

73
Q

At what stage of a star’s life are black holes, white dwarfs, etc.?

A

The End a stars death.

74
Q

At what angle is the Earth tilted at with respect to the Sun?

A

23.5 degrees

75
Q

How do the Sun’s rays impact the Northern Hemisphere during the Summer Solstice?

A

More direct sunlight during the summer solstace.

76
Q

When the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing autumn, which season is the Southern Hemisphere experiencing?

A

Spring

77
Q

During which season is the Earth closest to the Sun? Don’t forget to indicate which hemisphere you are talking about.

A

The Earth “Northern Hemisphere” is closer to the sun during winter.

78
Q

The energy produced by the star is by…

A

Nuclear fusion in the stars core

79
Q

The brightness is measured in magnitude, the brighter the star…

A

The brighter the star the lower the magnitude goes

down.

80
Q

What is apparent magnitude?

A

Apparent magnitude is the brightness seen from Earth,

81
Q

What is absolute magnitude?

A

Absolute magnitude which is the brightness of a star seen from a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light years).

82
Q

Stage one- small star and massive

A

Stars are born in a region of high density Nebula, and condenses into a huge globule of gas and dust and contracts under its own gravity.

83
Q

Stage two- small star and massive

A

A region of condensing matter will begin to heat up and start to glow forming protostars. If a protostar contains enough matter the central temperature reaches 15 million degrees centigrade.

84
Q

Stage three- small star and massive

A

At this temperature, nuclear reactions in which hydrogen fuses to form helium can start

85
Q

Stage four- small star and massive

A

The star begins to release energy, stopping it from contracting even more and causes it to shine. It is now a Main Sequence Star.

86
Q

Stage five- small star

A

A star of one solar mass remains in main sequence for about 10 billion years, until all of the hydrogen has fused to form helium.

87
Q

Stage six- small star

A

The helium core now starts to contract further and reactions begin to occur in a shell around the core.

88
Q

Stage seven- small star

A

The core is hot enough for the helium to fuse to form carbon. The outer layers begin to expand, cool and shine less brightly. The expanding star is now called a red giant

89
Q

Stage eight- small star

A

The helium core runs out, and the outer layers drift off away from the core as a gaseous shell, this gas that surrounds the core is called a Planetary Nebula.

90
Q

Stage nine- small star

A

The remaining core (that’s 80% of the original star) is now in its final stages. The core becomes a white Dwarf the star eventually cools and dims. When it stops
shining, the now dead star is called a black Dwarf.

91
Q

Stage two- massive star

A

The massive star then becomes a red Supergiant and starts off with a helium core surrounded by a shell of cooling, expanding gas.

92
Q

Stage three- massive star

A

In the next million years a series of nuclear reactions occur forming different elements in shells around the iron core.

93
Q

Stage four- massive star

A

The core collapses in less than a second, causing an explosion called a supernova, in which a shock wave blows of the outer layers of the star. (The actual
supernova shines brighter than the entire galaxy for a short time).

94
Q

Stage five- massive star

A

Sometimes the core survives the explosion. If the surviving core is between 1.5 - 3 solar masses it contracts to become a tiny, very dense neutron Star. If the core is much greater than 3 solar masses, the core contracts to become a black hole.

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