Specific Cellular Defenses Against Pathogens

Question 1

Lymphocytes

Answer 1

White blood cells involved in carrying out the specific immune response

Question 2

Bone Marrow

Answer 2

Stem cell in bone marrow make phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 3

Antigens

Answer 3

Molecules, usually proteins located on the surface of cells

Question 4

Lymphocyte Response

Answer 4

These respond to antigens on invading pathogens, lymphocyte have a single type of membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen

Question 5

Antigen Binding

Answer 5

When lymphocytes binding to antigens on pathogens leads to repeated lymphocyte divison resulting in the formation of a clonal population of identical lymphocytes

Question 6

Types of Lymphocytes

Answer 6

B and T Lymphocytes

Question 7

B Lymphocytes

Answer 7

Produce antibodies against antigens

Question 8

Antibodies

Answer 8

Y-shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen. Antibodies bind to antigens, inactivating the pathogen

Question 9

Antigen = Antibody complex

Answer 9

Can then be destroyed by phagocytosis leading to the destruction of the pathogens

Question 10

Allergic Reaction

Answer 10

B lymphocytes can respond hyper sensitively to the antigens on substance which are harmless to the body

Question 11

T Lymphocytes

Answer 11

Destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane, and inserting a protein into the infected cell causing it to produce self-destructive enzymes so it carries out apoptosis

Question 12

Apoptosis

Answer 12

Cell Destruction

Question 13

Cell Debris

Answer 13

The remains of the cells are removed by phagocytosis

Question 14

Antigen Signature

Answer 14

Each person’s body cells are unique to that person because they contain a combination of cell surface proteins that are specific to that person.

Question 15

Autoimmune Disease

Answer 15

Failure of the regulation of the immune system leads to T Lymphocytes responding to self-antigens, this causes autoimmune disease

Question 16

Autoimmunity

Answer 16

This is when T Lymphocytes launch an attack on the bodys own cells and it is the cause of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatiod arthritis, Type 1 disease, Coeliac disease

Question 17

Antigen-binding causing memory cells

Answer 17

Antigen binding leads to repeated lymphocyte division resulting in the formation of a clonal population of identical lymphocytes, some of these clonded T and B lymphocytes survive long term as memory cells

Question 18

Memory Cells

Answer 18

When a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs, these memory cells rapidly give a rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes

Question 19

Secondary Response

Answer 19

During the secondary response antibody production is greater and more rapid than during the primary response. The lymphocytes destory the infection before the individual hows any symptoms

Question 20

Attack On Immune System

Answer 20

The absence or failure of some componet of the immune system results in increased susceptibility to infection

Question 21

Immunodeficiency Disease

Answer 21

Results from the absense or failure of some component of immune system which leaves the person susceptible to infection

Question 22

HIV

Answer 22

The human immunodeficiency virus attacks and destroys T Lymphocytes. This leads to the infected individual developing AIDS, individuals with AIDs have a damaged immune system and so are more vulnerable to infections