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Anatomy & Physiology > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six characteristics of the spinal cord?

A
  1. vertebrae + 3 meninges + CSF
  2. 5 regions
  3. spinal cord extends to L1 vertebrae
  4. anterior median fissure + posterior median sulcus
  5. rootlets
  6. gray and white matter
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2
Q

What are the five regions of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and cauda equina

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3
Q

Each region of the spinal cord gives rise to what?

A

spinal nerves

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4
Q

How many spinal nerves does the cervical region have?

A

eight

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5
Q

How many spinal nerves does the thoracic region have?

A

twelve

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves does the lumbar region have?

A

five

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7
Q

How many spinal nerves does the sacral region have?

A

five

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8
Q

How many spinal nerves does the cauda equina region have?

A

one

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9
Q

The L1 vertebrae is only present in what?

A

adults

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10
Q

Where is the L1 vertebrae located?

A

below the cauda equina

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11
Q

What are the two kinds of rootlets?

A

dorsal and ventral roots

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12
Q

What does a combination of a dorsal and ventral root create?

A

a spinal nerve

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13
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves exist?

A

31

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14
Q

Spinal nerves are what kind of nerves?

A

mixed

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15
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

nerves that perform both the action of sensory nerves as well as a motor nerve

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16
Q

The dorsal root contains what kind of nerves?

A

sensory nerves/neurons

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17
Q

The dorsal horn contains what kind of nerves?

A

interneurons

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18
Q

Spinal cord gray and white matter location

A

gray matter: inside
white matter: outside

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19
Q

The ventral horn contains what kind of nerves?

A

motor nerves/neurons

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20
Q

The ventral root contains what kind of nerves?

A

motor nerves/neurons

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21
Q

Spinal cord gray matter function

A

signal integration (processing):
- spinal cord manages some basic REFLEXES

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22
Q

Spinal cord white matter function

A

signal propagation (conduction)

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23
Q

Define reflex

A

rapid, pre-programmed involuntary response to a certain stimulus

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24
Q

Define reflex arc

A

is a neural pathway

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25
Q

What are the three types of reflexes?

A
  • spinal vs. cranial
  • somatic vs. autonomic (visceral)
  • innate vs. acquired
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26
Q

The somatic nervous system controls what?

A

skeletal muscle

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27
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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28
Q

Innate vs. acquired =

A

born with it vs. developed over time

29
Q

The gray matter in the spinal cord is responsible for what?

A

reflexes

30
Q

The white matter in the spinal cord does what?

A

forms columns organized into sensory/motor tracts that act as parts of bigger sensory/motor pathways

31
Q

Sensory (ascending) pathways function

A

inform about the changes in the internal/external environment

32
Q

What three nerves are sensory pathways composed of (first to last)?

A
  1. primary nerve
  2. secondary nerve
  3. tertiary nerve
33
Q

Most sensory pathways pass through what?

A

thalamus (filter)

34
Q

Motor (descending) pathways function

A

regulation of activity (excitation/inhibition)

35
Q

What two nerves are motor pathways composed of (first to last)?

A
  1. upper nerves
  2. lower nerves
36
Q

The nervous system is split into what two systems to achieve certain goals?

A

somatic NS and autonomic NS

37
Q

Somatic NS function/goal

A

conscious perception + voluntary control

38
Q

What are the two components of the somatic NS?

A

somatic sensory and motor pathways?

39
Q

Autonomic NS function/goal

A

maintain homeostasis by:
- regulating (internal processes)
- adjusting (stress vs. rest)

40
Q

What are the two components of the autonomic NS?

A

autonomic sensory and motor pathways?

41
Q

Somatic motor pathways utilize what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

42
Q

Somatic motor pathway structure

A
  • no ganglion
  • lower motor neuron
43
Q

Somatic motor pathways cause what kind of response?

A

excitation

44
Q

Autonomic motor pathways utilize what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine

45
Q

Autonomic motor pathway structure

A
  • ganglion
  • preganglionic lower motor neuron
  • postganglionic lower motor neuron
46
Q

Autonomic motor pathways cause what kind of response?

A

excitation or inhibition

47
Q

What are the two autonomic NS divisions?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

48
Q

What is another name for parasympathetic?

A

craniosacral

49
Q

What is another name for sympathetic?

A

thoracolumbar

50
Q

Parasympathetic aka…

A

“rest and digest”

51
Q

Parasympathetic function

A

conserves energy, replenishes nutrients in rest

52
Q

Craniosacral communicates through what?

A

spinal and cranial nerves

53
Q

Sympathetic aka…

A

“fight or flight”

54
Q

Sympathetic function

A

alters the body’s activities in stress (EEE):
- emergency
- exercise
- excitement

55
Q

Thoracolumbar communicates through what?

A

spinal nerves

56
Q

Parasympathetic nerves have a _____ preganglionic neuron and a _____ postganglionic neuron.

A

long, short

57
Q

Sympathetic nerves have a _____ and ______ preganglionic neuron and a _____ postganglionic neuron.

A

short, branched, long

58
Q

What is the function of the branching preganglionic neuron?

A

mass activation

59
Q

Most organs are constantly under what?

A

dual innervation

60
Q

Dual innervation

A

contains both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

61
Q

Autonomic nerves work in the form of what?

A

reflexes

62
Q

How do dual innervated organs work?

A

when conditions change each division will excite or inhibit organ stimulation for optimal organ performance

63
Q

What organs/structures only contain sympathetic neurons??

A
  • blood vessels
  • sweat glands
  • hair muscles
64
Q

What three structures regulate the autonomic NS?

A

hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord

65
Q

Hypothalamus regulation of autonomic nervous system

A

Master control for the autonomic functions

66
Q

How does the hypothalamus perform control over the autonomic functions?

A

receives signal from the cortex, thalamus, or the limbic system then COMMUNICATES with different autonomic centers below and COORDINATES their activity

67
Q

Regulation of autonomic nervous system: brainstem

A

responsible for reflex centers that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive

68
Q

Regulation of autonomic nervous system: spinal cord

A

responsible for the reflex centers that control defecation and urination

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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