Sports Science

Question 1

What are the 4 Functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Shape and Support: This is our bodies framework, it provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.
Movement: Our muscles are attached to our bones which allow movement. The skeleton has a variety of different joints which allow a wide range or mobility.
Protection: Protects our delicate organs. The skull/cranium protects the brain. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. The spinal column protects the spinal cord.
Blood Production: Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in bones such as the ribs, humerus and femur

Question 2

What are the main bones of the chest?

Answer 2

Sternum (the breast bone)
Ribs
Clavicle (the collar)
Scapula (the shoulder)

Question 3

What are the main bones of the arm?

Answer 3

Radius (runs across your arm on your thumbs side)
Ulna (runs across your arm on your pinkies side)
Humerus (your upper arm)

Question 4

What are the main bones of the hand?

Answer 4

Phalanges (fingers)
Metacarpals (hand)
Carpals (wrist bones)

Question 5

What are the main bones of the foot?

Answer 5

Phalanges (toes)
Metatarsals (foot)
Tarsals (ankle)

Question 6

What are the main bones of the leg?

Answer 6

Fibula (smaller shin bone)
Tibia (larger shin bone)
Patella (knee)
Femur (upper leg)
Pelvis (the hip)

Question 7

What are the three types of bone in the body? Their size and composition are related to their different jobs:

Answer 7

Long Bones (Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula)
Flat Bones (Scapula, Sternum, Patella, Skull)
Irregular Bones (Vertebrae, Metatarsals, Metacarpals)

Question 8

What are the 3 main types of joint in the body?

Answer 8

Immovable or Fixed Joints
Slight movable or Cartilaginous
Moveable or Synovial Joints

Question 9

What are the Key Components of a synovial joint?

Answer 9

The Synovial Joint – The whole joint
Synovial Fluid-Lubricates the join
Synovial Membrane –Seals the joint
Synovial Capsule – Surrounds the joint to prevent leakage

Question 10

What are joints moved by?

Answer 10

Joints are moved by Muscles and Bones

Question 11

What are the 2 types of connective tissue in joints?

Answer 11

Ligaments - Attaches bones to bones

Tendons - Attaches muscles to bones

Question 12

What are the main problems that can occur with Ligaments?

Answer 12

They may become stretched and lax, or they could be damaged during sport and cause a tear and sprain. They may also become inflamed and irritated. There is a limited blood supply to ligaments which causes them to heal slowly. Major damages to a ligament could result in surgery.

Question 13

What are the main problems that can occur with Cartilage?

Answer 13

Overuse can cause cartilages wear and tear. Diseases such as arthritis and osteoarthritis can also cause this. You can pick up cartilage injuries in sport if the joint receives a high or awkward impact causing the cartilage to tear.

Question 14

What problems can occur with Synovial Fluid?

Answer 14

Diseases such as arthritis and osteoarthritis can result in reduced synovial fluid secretion. This can cause stiff and painful joints.

Question 15

The 4 main types of Synovial joint are?

Answer 15

1: Ball and Socket
2: Hinge
3: Gliding
4: Pivot

Question 16

What are the 2 main examples of ball and socket joint?

Answer 16

The Two main examples of this joint are:

1: Femur
2: Humerus

This joint allows the least amount of movement.

Question 17

What are the two main examples of the hinge joint?

Answer 17

Hinge Joint:

1: Elbow
2: Knee

Question 18

Describe the movement at either the elbow or the knee.

Answer 18

It opens and closes just like a hinge door

Question 19

Describe the Gliding Joint.

Answer 19

This joint moves when two flat bone surfaces move around each other cause rotation but are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments.…..In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub against each other. The small bones can move over one another to increase the flexibility of the hands. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments.

Question 20

Describe the Pivot Joint.

Answer 20

This joint is made when one bone twists against another (ring on a peg). These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower. Extremely important for keeping balance and awareness.

Question 21

What is the Latissimus Dorsi and where is it located?

Answer 21

Latissimus Dorsi: In the bottom of your back and produces adduction and extension of the arm

Question 22

What are the abdominals and where are they located?

Answer 22

Abdominals: Between the ribs and pelvis on the front of the body and allows movement and holds organs in place

Question 23

What is the Gluteus Maximus and where is it located?

Answer 23

Gluteus maximus: In your butt and its main function are the extension and external rotation of the thigh.

Question 24

What are Quadriceps and where are they located?

Answer 24

Quadriceps: On the front of your thigh and its main function is the extension of the leg at the knee join and the flexion of the thigh at the hip joint.

Question 25

What are Hamstrings and where are they located?

Answer 25

Hamstrings: In the back of the thigh and they make it possible to extend the leg back and bending the knee

Question 26

What is the Gastrocnemius and where is it located?

Answer 26

Gastrocnemius: In the back of your lower leg and it is involved in walking and posture

Question 27

What is Flexion?

Answer 27

Flexion: When your joint closes up (the angles degree gets smaller)

Question 28

What is Extension?

Answer 28

Extension: When a join opens up (the angle gets bigger)

Question 29

What is Adduction?

Answer 29

Adduction: moving something closer to the middle of your body.

Question 30

What is Abduction?

Answer 30

Abduction: moving something away from the middle of the body.

Question 31

There are many types of movement that the skeleton and muscles can produce. What are the most common?

Answer 31

1: Flexion: it means closing angles in the body like your elbow and knee

2: Extension: it means opening angles in your body like your elbow

3: Rotation: ball and socket joins allow this like hips and shoulder

4: Abduction: moving away from the middle of your body

5: Adduction: moving towards the middle of your body

Question 32

Describe Flexion. Give an example.

Answer 32

Flexion

This is the decreasing the angle between 2 bones.

Example:
Curls

Question 33

Describe Extension. Give an example.

Answer 33

This is the increasing the angle between 2 bones.

aExample:

Bowling

Question 34

Describe Abduction. Give an example.

Answer 34

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body’s midline

Example:

Swimming breaststroke and jumping jacks

Question 35

Describe Adduction. Give an example.

Answer 35

Adduction

Movement of a limb towards the body’s midline

Example:

Jumping Jacks

Question 36

Describr Circumduction.

Answer 36

Circumduction

Movement of a limb so that the end describes a compass and the limb makes the shape of a circle as it moves around.

Question 37

Describr Rotation.

Answer 37

Rotation

Movement of a bone around a circular path

Example:

*The ROTATION movement can occur at a Ball and Socket and a Pivot joint.

Example: turning the hip or the movement at the shoulder when swimming backstroke.

Question 38

Describe Supination.

Answer 38

Supination

*The movement of turning your palms up (can I have some more soup please?).

Question 39

Describe Pronation.

Answer 39

Pronation

*The movement of turning your palms down

Question 40

Describe Dorsiflexion.

Answer 40

Dorsiflexion

*Raising the toes

Question 41

Describe Plantarflexion.

Answer 41

Plantarflexion

*Pointing the toes down

Question 42

What are isotonic contractions?

Answer 42

Isotonic contractions occur when using dynamic and explosive strength. When a contraction is isotonic, movement is created.

The contracting muscle shortens and fattens. This shortening action pulls on the bones, causing them to move

Isotonic contractions are generally the more important type of contraction for sportspeople, especially games players. They produce both speed and power.

Question 43

What are isometric contractions?

Answer 43

Isometric contractions do not create movement - the muscles neither shortens nor lengthens. Isometric contractions produce static strength.

This type of contraction occurs in several situations:

To support a weight in a stationary position - survivor challenges
To hold the body in a particular position - planks
To stabilize part of the body so movement can occur elsewhere
It can also occur in rugby scrums and gymnastics

Question 44

What is the key organ in the circulatory system?

Answer 44

The heart is the key organ in the circulatory system. As a hollow, muscular pump, its main function is to propel blood throughout the body. It usually beats from 60 to 100 times per minute, but can go much faster when it needs to.

Question 45

Describe how blood flows in the body.

Answer 45

Blood from the right atrium travels in this sequence. Into the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, into the lungs, oxygen gets picked up, returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, the left ventricle, into the aorta, into the rest of your body, into the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium.

Question 46

What are the types of responses to exercise?

Answer 46

Responses to Exercise

These can be:

Short –term or Acute: Immediate, short-term effects that only last for the duration of the exercise and recovery period

Long-term or Chronic: Long term effects of exercise which occur after a sustained period of time (i.e. 6-12 months of training).

Question 47

What are examples of acute responses?

Answer 47

Acute responses:

1: Body Temperature Increases

Due to repeated muscular contractions, the body’s core temperature increases.
The body temperature will continue to rise until the body starts new processes to reduce it.
2: Sweating

The body’s attempt to cool itself and bring itself back to a constant temperature.
It occurs from the sweat glands, and we bring it to the surface through our pores.
Sweating provides moisture (made up of water, salt and other chemicals) which evaporates from the skin’s surface, which gets rid of heat energy.
3: Skin Changes color

When we exercise the body attempts to cool itself by bringing the blood close to the surface of skin.
It does this by dilating (opening) blood vessels close to the skin which gives it its red appearance.
This occurs mainly in the arms, chest, and face.
4: Heart Rate Increases

When we begin exercising the working muscles require more oxygenated blood to keep them working to sustain the exercise we are doing.
This means that the heart beats faster to ensure it is able to pump blood around the body, back through the lungs (to become more oxygenated), and back through the body again.
Our heart rate increases in proportion to the level of exercise/demand placed on the heart.

5: Respiration Rate increases

Question 48

What are examples of chronic responses?

Answer 48

Chronic Responses:

1: Cardiac Hypertrophy
2: Decreased Resting Heart rate
3: Decrease in % Body Fat
4: Heat Acclimatization

Question 49

What are the 3 main energy systems and describe them?

Answer 49

ATP-CP: A system lasting 10-20 seconds, doesn’t use oxygen, high intensity, uses ATP as its fuel source, only used for power, speed and strength, an example is the 100m.

Lactic Acid System: A system lasting 40-60 seconds, doesn’t use oxygen, high intensity, uses glucose as its fuel source, produce lactic acid which causes fatigue, an example is the 400m

Anaerobic Energy System: A system lasting a long time, uses oxygen, low to medium intensity, uses glycogen, glucose or fats as its fuel source, stops working after the energy source runs out, and example is the marathon

Question 50

What are the 11 Components of fitness?

Answer 50

Stamina, strength, flexibility, muscular endurance, body composition, speed, reaction time, agility, balance, coordination, power

Question 51

What are some training principles?

Answer 51

Training is long term and progressive and is designed for a specific individuals fitness and conditioning. It uses general and specific exercise to develop them for what they are training for. We do specific damage to cells and use up cellular resources when we train. When you finish training, you are weaker not stronger so a training isn’t good unless you give the proper rest afterwards so the body can adjust to super-compensate for the next session aka become stronger. Your training should be very specific to produce a specific response and adaptation. It must be specific to both the individual and the demand of their sport. Specific components of fitness used in the activity should be trained and should also use the specific energy systems. If you exceed your threshold level for training, an overload occurs leading to increased work. Fitness should improve when the right amount of overload is progressively increased and is called progressive overload.