Stages Of Attachment

Question 1

Who identified stages of attachment

Answer 1

Schafer and Emerson

Question 2

What was their aim

Answer 2

To investigate the formation of early attachments at the age they develop and who they are directed to

Question 3

What kind of study

Answer 3

Longitudinal

Question 4

Sample

Answer 4

60 working class infants and their mothers from Glasgow

Question 5

Babies and mothers visited at homes every month for first

Answer 5

Year of babies life and again at 18 months

Question 6

What were used

Answer 6

Observations and interviews

Question 7

What two ways was attachment measured

Answer 7

Separation and stranger anxiety

Question 8

How is separation anxiety assessed?

Answer 8

Infant left alone in a room or mother asked how infant reacts in this instance

Question 9

How is stranger anxiety assessed?

Answer 9

Researcher starts each visit approaching infant to see how distressed it becomes

Question 10

Researchers asked mothers questions such as…

Answer 10

Who infants smiles at and responds to

Question 11

Four stages of attachment

Answer 11

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

Question 12

How old is asocial

Answer 12

First few weeks

Question 13

What is baby like in asocial

Answer 13

Behaviour to adults and inanimate objects is similar

Question 14

How old is indiscriminate?

Answer 14

2-7 months

Question 15

what is baby like in indiscriminate?

Answer 15

Show preference to people over objects, no stranger or separation anxiety

Question 16

How old is specific?

Answer 16

7 months onwards

Question 17

What is baby like in specific?

Answer 17

Form attachments, show stranger and separation anxiety in 65% of cases with mother

Question 18

When is multiple?

Answer 18

Within 1 months of forming specific

Question 19

What percent of children formed multiple attachments one month after specific

Answer 19

29%

Question 20

By one year most infants had

Answer 20

Multiple attachments

Question 21

At 18 months, 75% had an attachment to

Answer 21

Their father

Question 22

What did Schafer and Emerson conclude

Answer 22

Infants form attachments in stages, multiple attachments can be formed

Question 23

What is research high in

Answer 23

Ecological validity

Question 24

Why does research have ecological validity

Answer 24

Observations done in family homes during ordinary activities e.g parent leaving room
Easier to generalise to real life attachment as children’s behaviour is likely to be representative of everyday interactions
Increases external validity

Question 25

Why is research prone to social desirability bias

Answer 25

Mothers maybe lie about child’s behavior to present parenting in best light e.g. saying child is distressed when they leave room even if they’re not
Lack internal validity

Question 26

What bias is research prone to

Answer 26

Culture bias

Question 27

Why is research prone to culture bias

Answer 27

Sample all from Glasgow
Cant generalise to other cultures e.g. non western cultures families work together so child forms multiple attachments earlier
Limits external validity

Question 28

Why is it good the study is longitudinal

Answer 28

Same children observed regularly
Doesn’t have confounding variable of individual differences between children e.g. natural temperament of child may affect perception of attachment stage
Increases internal validity