states of matter

Question 1

Noble gases such as helium and neon approach ideal behaviour because of

Answer 1

their low intermolecular forces.

Question 1

Ideal Gas:

Answer 1

a gas whose volume varies in proportion to temperature and inverse to pressure.

Question 2

Ideal Gas Laws:

Answer 2

Question 3

Conditions at which gases behave ideally:

Answer 3

High temperature
Low pressure

Question 4

Limitations of Ideal Gas Laws:

Answer 4

Real gases do not obey kinetic theory in two ways:
There is not zero attraction between molecules
We cannot ignore the volume of molecules themselves

Question 5

Deviations visible at low temp. and high pressure

Answer 5

Molecules are close to each other
The volume of molecules is not negligible relative to the container
VDW forces present, pulling molecules to each other
Pressure is lower than expected from ideal gas
The effective volume is less than expected from the ideal gas

Question 6

PV=

Answer 6

nRT

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Standard Conditions

Answer 10

101KPa and 298 K

Question 11

Mole Fraction

Answer 11

Question 12

partial pressure of a gas

Answer 12

Question 13

Finite resource

Answer 13

resource which doesn’t get replaced at the same rate that it is used up.

Question 14

Examples of finite resources

Answer 14

copper, aluminium, glass

Question 15

Advantage of Recycling

Answer 15

○ Saves energy ○ Reduces environmental issues ○ Conserves ore supplies ○ Less wastage ○ Cheaper than extracting

Question 16

Solubility
For solids,

Answer 16

generally, solubility increases with increasing temperature as the increase in temperature facilitates the overcoming of intermolecular bonds, making it easier for the solid to dissolve.

Question 17

solubility for gases

Answer 17

generally, solubility decreases with increasing temperature as the pressure of the gas increases (pressure only affects the solubility of gases)

Question 18

Conductivity
Solids (metals)

Answer 18

generally the best conductors of electricity, while gases are the worst.

Question 19

Solids (metals) are generally better conductors of heat than

Answer 19

than liquids, while liquids are better thermal conductors than gases. This is because of the proximity of molecules in solids, allowing heat to be transferred rapidly through vibrations of neighbouring molecules.

Question 20

Macromolecular Lattice: examples

Answer 20

Diamond:
Graphite
Silicon(IV) Oxide

Question 21

Hydrogen-Bonded Lattice:

Answer 21

In ice form, water molecules slow down and come closer together
Due to polarity, molecules form hydrogen bonds between lone pairs of oxygen &
𝛿+ charge of hydrogens
Each water molecule has 2 H-bonds
They arrange themselves into an open crystalline, hexagonal structure
Due to large spaces, ice is less dense than water

Question 22

Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Physical Properties

Answer 22

Relatively high m.p./b.p.: many strong H-bonds
High viscosity: hydrogen bonding reduces the ability of water molecules to slide over each other
High surface tension: hydrogen bonds in water exert a downward force on the surface of the liquid
Ice is less dense than water: larger spaces between molecules in a hexagonal structure

Question 23

giant ionic, including

Answer 23

sodium chloride and magnesium oxide

Question 24

simple molecular, includin

Answer 24

iodine, buckminsterfullerene C60 and ice

Question 25

giant molecular, including

Answer 25

silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond

Question 26

giant metallic, including

Answer 26

copper

Question 27

Answer 27