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BIOSTATS > STATISTICS > Flashcards

STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

quantitative variable that either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values

A

discrete variable

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2
Q

is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied

A

individual

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3
Q

numerical summary of a sample

A

statistic

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4
Q

subset of the population

A

sample

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5
Q

consists of organizing and summarizing data

A

descriptive statistics

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6
Q

uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result

A

inferential statistics

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7
Q

numerical summary of a population

A

parameter

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8
Q

a researcher must determine the questions he or she wants answered

A

identify the research objective

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9
Q

conducting research on an entire population is often difficult and expensive, so we typically look at the sample

A

collect the information needed to answer the questions

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10
Q

descriptive statistics allow the researcher to obtain an overview of the data and can help determine the type of statistical methods the researcher should use

A

organize and summarize the information

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11
Q

in this step, the information collected from the sample is generalized to the population

A

draw conclusion from the sample

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12
Q

the characteristics of the individual within the population

A

variable

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13
Q

variable that yields categorical responses (a word or a code that represents a class or category)

A

qualitative variable

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14
Q

takes on numerical values representing an amount or quantity

A

quantitative variable

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15
Q

these observational studies collect information about individual at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time

A

cross-sectional studies

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16
Q

these studies are generally retrospective and involve identifying subjects based on the level of their response variable, and measuring the level of their explanatory variable

A

case-control studies

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17
Q

these studies are generally prospective and involve identifying subjects based on the level of their explanatory variable, and obtaining the corresponding response outcome

A

cohort studies

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18
Q

a person, object, or some other well-defined item upon which treatment is applied

A

experimental unit

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19
Q

often refer to the experimental unit

A

subject

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20
Q

serves as the baseline treatment that can be used to compare to other treatment

A

control group

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21
Q

a controlled independent variable manipulated by the experimenter

A

factor

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22
Q

focus of a question in a study or experiment

A

response variable

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23
Q

nondisclosure of the treatment an experimental unit is receiving

A

blinding

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24
Q

the experimental unit does not know which treatment he or she is receiving

A

single-blind

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25
Q

neither the experimental nor the researcher in contact with the experimental unit knows which treatment the experimental unit is receiving

A

double-blind

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26
Q

one in which each experimental unit is randomly assigned to a treatment

A

completely randomized design

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27
Q

an experimental design in which experimental units are paired up

A

matched-pairs design

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28
Q

grouping similar experimental units and then randomly assigning experimental units within each group

A

blocking

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29
Q

each group of homogenous individual

A

block

30
Q

sample size is typically denoted by

A

n

31
Q

the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be

A

level of precision/sampling error

32
Q

statistical measure of the number of times out of 100 that results can be expected to be within a specified range

A

level of confidence

33
Q

decision makers need info that is

A

relevant
accurate
timely
usable

34
Q

first-hand account of an event or time period

A

primary source

35
Q

data documented by primary source

A

primary data

36
Q

offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are considered persuasive

A

secondary sources

37
Q

data documented by secondary source

A

secondary data

38
Q

the researcher has direct contact with the interviewee

A

direct personal interview

39
Q

involve sourcing and accessing data that were originally collected for the purpose of study

A

indirect/questionnaire method

40
Q

permits free answers

A

open-ended questions

41
Q

offers list of possible options or answers

A

closed questions

42
Q

group interview of six to twelve people who share similar characteristics

A

focus group

43
Q

method of collecting data where there is direct human intervention on the conditions

A

experiment

44
Q

involves systematically selecting, watching, and recording behaviors of people

A

observation

45
Q

measures the value of the response variable without attempting to influence the value of either the response or explanatory variable

A

observational studies

46
Q

studies where a researcher makes an intervention

A

experimental studies

47
Q

if a researcher assigns the individuals in a study to a certain group, intentionally changes the value of an explanatory variable, then records the value of the response variable

A

designed experiment

48
Q

object on which a measurement is taken

A

element

49
Q

collection of elemetns

A

population

50
Q

nonoverlapping collections of elements from the population

A

sampling units

51
Q

list of sampling units

A

sampling frame

52
Q

numerical characteristic of a population

A

parameter

53
Q

numerical characteristic of a sample

A

statistic

54
Q

deviation between an estimate from an ideal sample and the true population value

A

sampling error

55
Q

sampling frame does not match up perfectly with target population

A

errors of coverage

56
Q

most serious of non observation errors

A

nonresponse

57
Q

have a direct and dramatic effect on the way a person responds to a question

A

interviewers

58
Q

differs greatly in motivation to answer correctly and in ability to do so

A

respondents

59
Q

occurs if the entire population is very small

A

census study

60
Q

each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected

A

probability samples

61
Q

members are selected from the population in some non-random manner

A

nonprobability sample

62
Q

purest form of probability sampling

A

random sampling

63
Q

also called the Nth name selection technique

A

systematic sampling

64
Q

commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error

A

stratified sampling

65
Q

subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic

A

stratum

66
Q

a probability sample in which each sampling unit is a collection of elements

A

cluster sampling

67
Q

is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation

A

convenience sampling

68
Q

sample is selected based on judgement

A

judgement sampling

69
Q

nonprobability equivalent of stratified sampling

A

quota sampling

70
Q

special nonprobability method when the desired sample characteristic is rare

A

snowball sampling

71
Q
A

BIOSTATS (1 decks)

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