Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tissues (F&F) > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of what ectoderm forms

A
  • Outer surface- skin cells of epidermis
  • CNS- neuron of the brain
  • Neural crest- melanocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of what mesoderm forms

A
  • Dorsal notochord
  • Paraxial- skeletal muscle cells
  • Intermediate- tubule cell of the kidney
  • Lateral- RBCs
  • Head- facial muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of what endoderm form

A
  • Digestive tube- pancreatic cell
  • Pharynx- thyroid cell
  • Respiratory tube- lung cell (alveolar cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of germ cell development

A
  • Sperm
  • Egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main cellular processes that are key to successful development

A
  1. Cell proliferation- an increase in cell number due to mitosis
  2. Differentiation – a gradual process by which specialized cell types develop from a pool of cells
  3. Morphological changes and cell migration- changes to structure
  4. Apoptosis- programmed cell death, mediated via enzymes including caspases and DNases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the additional key decisive factors/processes in embryonic development?

A
  1. Cell-to-cell communication
  2. Signaling pathways
  3. Induction and competence
  4. Adhesion and migration
  5. Morphogens
  6. Genes
  7. Transcription factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell communication and cell growth and differentiation

A
  • Communication between cells is very important for the growth and differentiation of cells
  • Includes paracrine signaling, contact-dependent signalling, autocrine signalling, synaptic signalling, endocrine signalling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signaling Pathways

A
  • 11 main signaling pathways involved in development
  • Each signal is transmitted in a linear manner, and act on signal response elements in target genes
  • Specific patterns of signalling for a given species
  • Changes elicited by these signals during development are irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of signalling pathways

A

Examples: Notch, Wingless (Wnt), Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-Beta), Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Induction

A

Process by which a particular group of cells influences the fate of an adjacent group of cells. This is generally mediated via paracrine or contact-dependent signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Competence

A

This refers to the ability of cell to respond to an inductive signal. A competent cell must express the receptors for the inducer(s).

Eg. Response of a group of cells to a transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What mediates Adhesion?

A

Cell adhesion is mediated by cadherins and integrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do Cadherins help with adhesion?

A

Cadherins in one cell interact with cadherins in adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do Adherins help with adhesion?

A

Help with the adhesion of cells to various ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heavy cell migration and its determinants

A
  • Cells use different forms of movement for migration, depending on the stage of development. Ex. cytoskeletal movement, etc.

Determinants of migration: molecular composition of extracellular matrix and matrix architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Morphogens

A

A substance that can determine the fate of a cell/cell’s differentiation by way of its presence in the cellular microenvironment

  • Effects are concentration dependent
  • Can have stimulatory or inhibitory effects
17
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Composed of DNA + Protein
  • Has a heavy influence on gene expression
17
Q

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling molecule Morphogen example

A

Important for the formation of the spinal cord.

Effects of Shh are dependent on its concentration, duration of the exposure, and interaction with other target genes and/or signals/pathways

17
Q

Epigenome

A
  • A determinant of how cells remember their identity.
  • Composed of processes and signals including DNA methylation, histone modification, and other factors including small RNAs
18
Q

Transcription Factors

A
  • Proteins that can bind to the enhancer or promoter region of the DNA to up-regulate or down-regulate the gene transcription to form mRNAs

Ex. high mobility group (Sox) = sex determination

Ex. T box family (Tbx) = limb development

19
Q

Stem cells

A
  • Specialized cells able to undergo self-renewal and produce daughter cells that possess the same features of the cells from which they are originally derived.
  • Play a key role in forming tissues and organs
20
Q

Different classifications of stem cells

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Unipotent
  5. Progenitor cells
21
Q

Two types of stem cells

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells
  2. Adult stem cells
22
Q

Trophoblastic placental cells

A
  • Trophoblasts, cells forming outer layer of blastocyst
  • Provide nutrients to embryo and develops into large part of the placenta
23
Q

Why is there variation in stem cell classifications?

A

Early on they have ability to express many transcription factors, later on they are more specialized and only express certain transcription factors

24
Q

Totipotent

A
  • Most versatile stem cells
  • Develops from the inner cell mass in the developing embryo, and can develop into any of the cell type in the embryo, including the trophoblastic placental cells
25
Q

Pluripotent

A

Arise from the embryonic cells and can differentiate into any cell within the embryo, except the trophoblastic placental cells

26
Q

Multipotent

A

Derived from embryonic cells, but have limited lineage capabilities

27
Q

Unipotent

A
  • Least versatile stem cell
  • These cells are destined to become specific cell type after a limited number of divisions
28
Q

Progenitor cells

A

More differentiated than stem cells and have limited self-renewal capability

29
Q

Terminal differentiation

A

Cells within a specific lineage reaches a mature stage, where further differentiation or division does not occur

30
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A
  • Stem cells in embryo
  • Originating from the inner cell mass
  • Those that are from multiple lineages contribute to embryonic development including the formation of primary germ layers
31
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • Resident stem cells within adult tissues and organs enable tissue self-renewal and repair
  • Help to maintain tissue integrity and function, especially when adverse events occur (eg. Infection, trauma, degenerative changes)

Eg. Bone marrow
Eg. Intestinal crypts

32
Q

Intestinal crypts

A

Resident stem cells at base of crypt give rise to all of the different cell types further up the crypt

*Proliferating transit-amplifying cells are in between stage

33
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

A
  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to develop cells of a specific lineage by introducing specific transcription factors and providing the supportive milieu for the cells to differentiate and grow
  • Transcription factors cause nuclear reprogramming
  • Need specific growth factors eg. TGF-beta in media for determining specific lineage of stem cells
  • Need the right kind of media to create specific cell
34
Q

Ex. 4 transcription factors- Yamanaka factors

A

Can induce pluripotency and have a lot of cell differentiation

Tissues (F&F) (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions