Structural Engineering

Question 1

Evolution of Structural Engineering

Answer 1

Ancient Civilizations
Medieval and Gothic Period
Renaissance
Industrial Revolution
Modern Era

Question 2

Around 3000-500 BCE

Answer 2

Ancient Civilizations

Question 3

Works under Ancient Civilizations

Answer 3

Pharaoh Djoser’s step Pyramid
Pyramid of Giza
Parthenon
Roman Colosseum
Archimedes’ calculation

Question 4

Medieval and Gothic period time

Answer 4

5-15th century

Question 5

Work under Medieval and Gothic Period

Answer 5

Chartes Cathedral

Question 6

14th-17th century

Answer 6

Renaissance

Question 7

Works under Renaissance period

Answer 7

Florence Cathedral Dome
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Dialogue Relating to New Sciences
Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation

Question 8

Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

Elastic Theory of Beams
Conversion of cast iron to steel
Monier System
Home Insurance Building in Chicago

Question 9

Modern Era

Answer 9

Prestressed Concrete
Moment Distribution Method
NASTRAN (NASA Structural Analysis)
Autodesk Co. introduced AutoCAD

Question 10

published Dialogues Relating to Two New
Sciences, beginning of the structural analysis (1638)
Isaac Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica, the fundamental laws of governing built
structures. (1687)

Answer 10

Galileo Galilei

Question 11

published the Elastic Theory of
Beams. First to highlight how to prevent the failure of
the structure in the first place. (1826)

Answer 11

Claude-Louis Navier

Question 12

completed the conversion
of cast iron into cast steel. The Bessemer process (1856)
and later the open-hearth process (1860s) enabled the
mass production of steel. Steel had higher tensile
strength and was more suitable for structural
applications compared to cast iron.

Answer 12

Henry Bessemer

Question 13

filed several patents for tubs, slabs, and
beams that use his steel mesh reinforcement and
concrete system. The Monier System was introduced to
reinforce structures. (1867)

Answer 13

Joseph Monier

Question 14

pioneered and patented Prestressed
Concrete, a method which is still being used to overcome
the inherent weakness of concrete structures in tension.
(1928)

Answer 14

Eugene Freyssinet

Question 15

developed the
Moment Distribution Method, a tool used
to approximate the real stresses of
complex structures quickly and
accurately. (1930)

Answer 15

Hardy Cross

Question 16

the
most innovative structural designs for skyscrapers and for his
innovations in high-rise building construction. He is regarded as the
“father of tubular designs” for high-rise buildings. (1955)

Answer 16

Fazlur Khan

Question 17

is developed as a
structural analysis solver tool (finite-element analysis
programs). (1965)

Answer 17

NASTRAN (NASA Structural Analysis)

Question 18

Best known for designing the Golden Gate
Bridge, an American structural engineer
born in 1870. He specialized in movable bridges and
developed the concepts of the bascule
bridge and the vertical-lift bridge. Strauss
held numerous patents for bascule bridges,
including his major innovation of using
concrete counterweights coupled with a
series of linkages to balance the moveable
spa

Answer 18

Joseph Strauss

Question 19

A French civil engineer and architect
who is best known for designing and
building the iconic Eiffel tower, one of
the most recognizable structures in the
world. Eiffel built hundreds of metal
structures of all kinds, all around the
world. Bridges, and in particular railway
bridges, were his favorite field of work,
but he also won renown for his metal
structural work and industrial
installations.

Answer 19

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

Question 20

Was a Scottish civil engineer, structural
engineer and shipbuilder. Baker is best
known for the development of the
“buttressed core” structural system for the
Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest manmade
structure. He has dedicated himself to
extending the profession of structural
engineering through design, research,
teaching, and professional activities.

Answer 20

William Baker

Question 21

was an American structural engineer,
the founder and the director of the Council on Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat, notable also for his design
and building of skyscrapers. The New York Times called
him “an expert on tall buildings”. Beedle is also credited
with making Lehigh University a center of research for
civil and structural engineering because of his
“groundbreaking studies on the properties of steel
structures”. Beedle was elected to the National Academy
of Engineering in 1972 “for contributions to steel
structures research and design practice, especially
plastic design and residual stress effects`

Answer 21

Lynn Beedle

Question 22

a German architect and structural engineer
noted for his use of lightweight structures,
in particular tensile and membrane
structures, including the roof of the Olympic
Stadium in Munich for the 1972 Summer
Olympics. Otto won the RIBA Royal Gold
Medal in 2006 and was awarded the
Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2015, shortly
before his death.

Answer 22

Frei Paul Otto

Question 23

Was a Scottish civil engineer, structural
engineer and shipbuilder. William Fairbairn is
remembered for his pioneering use of
wrought iron for building bridges, ship hulls,
and beams. Apart from inventing the
Lancashire boiler, he also served as the
president of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers. He also introduced proper and
systematic investigations of the collapse of
structures.

Answer 23

William Fairbairn

Question 24

Born in Switzerland in 1872, he began his career as
a civil engineer. A pioneer of bridge engineering.
His innovative use of reinforcement concrete
revolutionized bridge design and construction in
the early 20th century. He is known for his unique
bridge arch design made entirely of reinforced
concrete was a masterpiece of engineering and
a major achievement in engineering at the
time of his completion.

Answer 24

Robert Maillart

Question 25

A pioneering structural engineer who
changed the skyline of the world with his
innovative approach to building design. Born
in 1928, Robertson was recognized as one of
the most innovative engineers of his time. He
was the lead structural engineer in the
World Trade Center in New York and was
responsible for the design of the buildings’
sway-reduction features.

Answer 25

Leslie Robertson

Question 26

Marvels in transpo

Answer 26

Eiffel Tower
Burj Khalifa
Shanghai World Financial Center
Petronas Twin Tower
Sydney Opera House
Embassy Gardens Sky Pool
Taj Mahal
The Interlace

Question 27

a famous landmark in Paris, is a
technological marvel in the history of building construction. The tower itself is 300 meters (984 feet),
it is twice as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza or the dome of
St. Peter’s in Rome.

Answer 27

Eiffel Tower

Question 28

the tallest structure in the world, is a mixeduse skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Its modular
design is based on a three-lobed footprint that is an abstract
representation of the native Hymenocallis flower. The Y-shaped
design is essential for minimizing wind forces on the tower. A
series of wings, each with a concrete core and perimeter
columns of its own, buttress a central core that is hexagonal in
shape. The wings step back in a spiral pattern as the tower
rises, modifying the contour of the building at each tier and
lessening the impact of the wind on the structure. The tower’s
top is where the central core first appears, and it is topped with
a spire that rises more than 700 feet (200 meters).

Answer 28

Burj Khalifa

Question 29

One of the tallest structures in the world, the ____________ is a mixed-use skyscraper in Shanghai, China. The
tower is situated next to the 88-story Jin Mao Tower in the city’s
Pudong neighborhood. The Shanghai World Financial Center is the
tallest building in China. It resembles a large square column with
two of its sides that have been beveled from opposite corners
starting about one-third of the way up and gradually tapering
closer together until they almost meet and form a narrow rectangle
at the top. Large, diagonally braced corner columns of mixed
structural steel and reinforced concrete in the outer wall and a
reinforced concrete inner core wall support the building. These two
structures are connected by a series of radiating beams spaced at
intervals where horizontal truss bands encircle the exterior.

Answer 29

Shanghai World Financial Center

Question 30

are a pair of skyscraper office
buildings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, that are among the tallest
structures in the world. The design of each tower is the same: an
eight-lobed circular structure with 88 stories of usable height and
a pyramid-shaped pinnacle topped by a thin steel spire. The
combined height of the two structures totals 1,483 feet (451.9
meters), including 242 feet (73.6 meters) for the pinnacle and
spire. Each structure is supported by 16 enormous columns that
run the length of its perimeter. Rather than being built of
structural steel, these columns and the rest of the frame are made
of high-strength, steel-reinforced concrete; the outside sheathing
is made of stainless steel and glass. The 41st and 42nd storeys of
each tower are connected by a skybridge that is two stories high.

Answer 30

Petronas Twin Towers

Question 31

opera house located on Port Jackson
(Sydney Harbour), New South Wales, Australia. It is one of
the most photographed structures in the world due to its
inventive use of a series of glimmering white sail-shaped
shells as its roof structure.

Answer 31

Sydney Opera House

Question 32

is a remarkable feature of the
Embassy Gardens development in London, UK. it is a swimming
pool suspended 35 meters above the ground in between two
residential buildings. The sky pool is made of a 14-inch-thick
piece of acrylic that is completely transparent and was
developed and produced in Grand Junction, a small town in
Colorado. The design of the pool required careful consideration
of engineering factors like structural integrity, water weight,
and wind loads. It serves both a functional and aesthetic
purpose, providing a luxurious amenity to residents and
showcasing the innovative integration of architecture and
engineering.

Answer 32

The Embassy Garden Sky Pool

Question 33

is a
mausoleum complex in Agra, in the northern Indian
state of Uttar Pradesh, in the west.

Answer 33

Taj Mahal

Question 34

one of the largest and most ambitious residential
developments in Singapore, presents a radically new approach to
contemporary living in a tropical environment

Answer 34

The Interlace

Question 35

Functions of Structural

Answer 35

Designing robust structures for safety
Choosing the right materials and shapes
Simulating behavior for accuracy
Ensuring stability during forces
Monitoring Construction compliance
Following safety codes and rules
Advising maintenance strategies
innovating for better solutions

Question 36

Importance and Significance

Answer 36

Load analysis
Design and material selection
Building code compliance
Safety
Longevity
Cost-effectiveness
Collaboration

Question 37

Works under Structural

Answer 37

Structural Engineer
Structural Engineer consultant
Structural Engineer intern
Structural Engineer associate
Structural Engineer inspector

Question 38

Future of Structural

Answer 38

Sustainable Development
Smart Infrastructure
Resilient Infrastructure
Modular Construction
BIM and Collaboration
Digital Twin Technology