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biology > structural organisation in animals > Flashcards

structural organisation in animals Flashcards

1
Q

which feature of cells vary according to their function? the result?

A

structure

tissues are different

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
neural

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3
Q

epithelial tissue aka

A

epithelium

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4
Q

3 features of epithelium

A
  1. the tissue has a free surface-faces either a body fluid/outer environment-providing a lining/covering for some parts of the body
  2. the cells are compactly packed
  3. with little intercellular matrix
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5
Q

two types of epithelial cells

A

simple
compound

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6
Q

simple epithelium: composed of

A

single layer of cells

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7
Q

simple epithelium: functions as

A

lining for body cavities, ducts, tubes

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8
Q

compound epithelium: consist of

A

2 or more cell layers(multicellular)

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9
Q

on the basis of what are simple epithelium classified

A

structural modification of the cells

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10
Q

simple epithelium- 3 types?

A

sqamous
cuboidal
columnar

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11
Q

squamous epithelium: features

A
  1. single
  2. thin layer of
  3. flattened cells
  4. with irregular boundaries
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12
Q

Squamous epithelium: where are they found

A

walls of blood vessels
air sacs of the lung

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13
Q

Squamous epithelium: function

A

forming a diffusion boundary

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14
Q

cuboidal epithelium: composed of

A

single layer of cube-like cells

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15
Q

cuboidal epithelium: commonly found in

A
  1. ducts of glands
  2. tubular parts of the nephron in kidneys
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16
Q

cuboidal epithelium: main functions are

A

secretion and absorption

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17
Q

cuboidal epithelium that has microvilli is found in

A

PCT of nephron in kidney

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18
Q

columnar epithelium: features

A
  1. single layer of
  2. tall and slender cells
  3. nuclei at the base
  4. free surface may have microvilli
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19
Q

columnar epithelium: found in

A

lining of stomach and intestine

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20
Q

columnar epithelium: function

A

secretion and absorption

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21
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

columnar or cuboidal cells that bear cilia on their free surface

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22
Q

ciliated epithelium: function

A

move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium

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23
Q

ciliated epithelium mainly present in?

A

inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes

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24
Q

glandular epithelium

A

when some columnar/cuboidal cells get specialised for secretion

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25
Q

glandular epithelium: types

A

unicellular, multicellular

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26
Q

unicellular glandular epithelium

A

consist of isolated glandular cells-goblet cells of alimetary canal

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27
Q

multicellular glandular epithelium

A

consist of cluster of cells-salivary gland

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28
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts or tubes

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29
Q

exocrine glands: products

A

mucus
saliva
earwax
oil
milk
digestive enzymes
other cell products

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30
Q

endocrine glands: 3 features

A

> > no ducts
products=hormones
secreted directly into fluid bathing the gland

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31
Q

compound epithelium is multicellular so…

A

limited role in secretion and absorption

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32
Q

compound epithelium: main function

A

provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses

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33
Q

compound epithelium: where are they found

A
  1. cover the dry surface of skin
  2. moist surface of buccal cavity,
  3. pharynx
  4. inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and
  5. pancreatic ducts
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34
Q

specialised junctions are found in

A

all animal tissues

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35
Q

specialised junctions: function

A

provide structural and mechanical link between individual cells

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36
Q

three types of cell junctions:

A

tight
adhering
gap

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37
Q

three types of cell junctions found in

A

epithelium and other tissues

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38
Q

tight junctions

A

help to stop substances leaking across a tissue

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39
Q

adhering junctions

A

perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together

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40
Q

gap junctions

A

facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big

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41
Q

which tissue is most abundant and wisely distributed in the body of complex animals

A

connective

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42
Q

connective tissue: function

A

special function of linking and supporting other tissues/organs

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43
Q

connective tissues range from

A

soft connective tissues to specialised types

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44
Q

all connective tissues except ______ secrete _____ and _____

A

blood
1. fibres of structutal protein-collagen/elastin

  1. modified polysaccarides
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45
Q

connective tissues: function of secreting fibres of structural proteins

A

provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissue

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46
Q

connective tissues: function of secreting modified polysaccharides

A

these accumulate between cells and fibers and act as matrix(ground tissue)

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47
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A

loose
dense
specialised

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48
Q

loose connective tissues

A

have cells and fibers arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance

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49
Q

examples of loose connective tissues

A

areolar
adipose

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50
Q

areolar: present

A

beneath the skin

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51
Q

areolar: function

A

serves as a support framework for epithelium

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52
Q

areolar: has 3 types of cells

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. macrophages
  3. mast cells
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53
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells that produce and secrete fibres

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54
Q

adipose tissue: location

A

mainly beneath skin

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55
Q

adipose tissue: function

A

specialised to store fats
excess nutrients which are not used immediately>converted to fats>stored in this tissue

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56
Q

dense connective tissues: consist of

A

fibres and fibroblasts comactly packed

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57
Q

dense connective tissues: orientation of fibers

A

regular or irregular pattern and are called dense regular and dense irregular tissues

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58
Q

dense regular connective tissues

A

collagen fibers are present in rows between parallel bundles of fibres

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59
Q

dense regular connective tissues: examples

A
  1. tendons: attach skeletal muscles to bones
  2. ligaments: attach one bone to another
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60
Q

dense irregular connective tissues

A

has fibroblasts and many fibres(mostly collagen) oriented differently

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61
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissues found in the body

A

skin

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62
Q

name specialised connective tissues

A

cartilage
bone
blood

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63
Q

intercellular material of cartilage is `

A

solid
pliable
resists compression

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64
Q

cells of cartilage aka

A

chondrocytes

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65
Q

chondrocytes are enclosed in

A

small cavities within the matrix secreted by them

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66
Q

fate of cartilages in vertebrate embryos

A

most are replaced by bones

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67
Q

where are cartilage present in adults

A
  1. tip of nose
  2. outer ear joints
  3. between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, hands and limbs
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68
Q

what gives bones its strength

A

bones have a hard, non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen fibers

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69
Q

5 functions of the bone: ``

A
  1. main tissue that provide structural frame to the body
  2. support and protect softer tissues and organs
  3. limb bones such as the long bones of legs serve weight-bearing functions
  4. interact with skeletal muscles attached to them to bring abt movements
  5. bone marrow in some bones–site of production of blood cells
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70
Q

bone cells aka

A

osteocytes

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71
Q

osteocytes are present in

A

spaces called lacunae

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72
Q

blood

A

fluid connective tissue

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73
Q

blood compostition

A

plasma
rbc
wbc
platelets

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74
Q

blood function

A

main circulating fluid helps in transport of various substances

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75
Q

each muscle is made of

A

many long, cylindrical fibers arranged in parallel arrays

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76
Q

muscle fibers are composed of

A

myofibrils

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77
Q

muscles contract when they are

A

stimulated

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78
Q

action of muscles

A
  1. moves the body to adjust to changes in environment
  2. maintain the positions of various parts of the body
  3. in general, play an active role in all movements of the body
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79
Q

three types of muscles

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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80
Q

skeletal muscle are closely attached to

A

skeletal bones

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81
Q

example of skeletal muscle

A

biceps

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82
Q

describe the arrangement within skeletal muscle

A

striated skeletal muscle fibers are bundled together in a parallel fashion.
A sheath of touch connective tissue encloses several bundles of muscle fibers

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83
Q

smooth muscle fibers: shape

A

taper at both ends-fusiform

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84
Q

do smooth muscle fibers show striation

A

no

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85
Q

what holds smooth muscle fibers together

A

cell junctions

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86
Q

arrangement within smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle fibers bundled together in a connective tissue sheath

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87
Q

where are smooth muscles found

A

wall of internal organs such as:
blood vessel
stomach and
intestine

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88
Q

why are smooth muscles involuntary

A

functioning cannot be directly controlled

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89
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

contractile tissue present only in the heart

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90
Q

what makes cardiac muscle cells stick together

A

cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells together

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91
Q

what makes the heart cells contract as a unit

A

communication junctions(intercalated discs)

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92
Q

which tissue has the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions

A

neural tissue

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93
Q

unit of neural system

A

neurons-excitable cells!!!!

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94
Q

what constitutes the rest of the neural system apart neurones

A

neuroglial cells

make up more than half the volume of neural tissue in our body

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95
Q

neuroglial cells

A

protect and support neurons

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96
Q

what happens when neurons are stimulated

A

electrical disturbance generated

swiftly travels across plasma membrane

which arrives at the output zone

causes stimulation or inhibition of adjacent neurons/cells

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97
Q

in multicellular organisms why are organ and organ system level of organisation essential?

A

for more efficient and better coordinated activities of millions of cells

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98
Q

true or false? each organ is our body is made up of one type of tissue

A

false
*more than one type

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99
Q

example of an organ that has all 4 types of tissue

A

heart

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100
Q

complexity of organ and organ system show

A

evolutionary trend

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101
Q

describe morphology in :
1. plants or microbes
2. animals

A
  1. study of form or externally visible features
  2. external appearance of the organs or parts of the body
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102
Q

earthworm color

A

reddish brown

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103
Q

earthworms are invertebrates?

A

yes

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104
Q

earthworms: habitat?

A
  1. terrestrial
  2. inhabits the upper layer of moist soil
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105
Q

where do earthworms live during the day ``

A

burrows made by boring and swallowing the soil

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106
Q

how are earthworms traced in gardens

A

faecal deposits=worm castings

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107
Q

common Indian earthworms

A

Pheretima
Lumbricus

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108
Q

earthworms morphology: 14 features to talk about

A
  1. shape
  2. metameres
  3. dorsal
  4. ventral
  5. anterior ends
  6. prostomium
  7. peristomium
  8. clitellum
  9. 3 prominent regions
  10. spermathecal apertures
  11. female genital pore
  12. male genital pore
  13. nephridiopores
  14. setae
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109
Q

earthworms: 1. shape

A

long cylindrical body

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110
Q

earthworms: 2. metameres

A

body is divided into more than hundred short segment which are similar

metameres abt 100-120

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111
Q

earthworms: 3. dorsal

A

surface marked by dark, median, mid dorsal line – dorsal blood vessel along the longitudinal axis of the body

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112
Q

earthworms: 4. ventral

A

surface is distinguished by the presence of genital pores

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113
Q

earthworms: 5. anterior ends

A

has mouth and prostomium

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114
Q

earthworms: 6. prostomium

A

a lobe:

  1. serves as a covering for mouth
  2. wedge to form open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl
  3. sensory in function
115
Q

earthworms: 7. peristomium

A
  1. first body segment
  2. has the mouth
  3. aka buccal segment
116
Q

earthworms: 8. clitellum

A
  1. found in mature worms
  2. prominent dark band of glandular tissue that covers segments 14-16
117
Q

earthworms: 9. 3 prominent regions

A

preclitellar, clitellar, postclitellar segments

118
Q

earthworms: 10. spermathecal apertures

A
  1. four pairs of spermathecal appertures
  2. on the ventro-lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves
  3. 5th-9th segment
119
Q

earthworms: 11. female genital pore

A
  1. a single female g. pore
  2. present in mid-ventral line
  3. 14th segment
120
Q

earthworms: 12. male genital pores

A
  1. a pair is present on the
  2. ventro-lateral sides
  3. 18th segment
121
Q

earthworms: 13. nephridiopores

A

numerous minute pores open on the surface of the body

122
Q

earthworms: 14. setae

A
  1. in each body segment except first, last and clitellum
  2. there are rows of S shaped setae
  3. embedded in the epidermal pits in the middle of each segment
  4. can be extended or retracted
  5. principle role-locomotion
123
Q

anatomy of earthworm: 6 features to discuss about

A
  1. body wall
  2. alimentary canal
  3. circulatory
  4. excretory
  5. nervous
  6. reproductive
124
Q

earthworms: body wall layers

A
  1. covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle
  2. below which is the epidermis
  3. two muscle layers(circular, longitudinal)
  4. innermost coelomic epithelium
125
Q

earthworms: epidermis is made up of

A

single layer of columnar epithelial cells which contain secretary glands

126
Q

earthworms alimentary canal runs between

A

first and last segment of the body

127
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: the sequence

A
  1. terminal mouth opens into
  2. buccal cavity which leads into
  3. muscular pharynx
  4. a small narrow tube oesophagus continues into
  5. muscular gizzard
  6. stomach
  7. intestine
  8. anus
128
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: buccal cavity segments

A

1-3

129
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: oesophagus segments

A

5-7

130
Q

earthworms alimentary canal:
muscular gizzard segments

A

8-9

131
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: muscular gizzard helps in

A

grinding soil particles and decaying leaves etc

132
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: stomach segments

A

9-14

133
Q

food of an earthworm

A

decaying leaves and organic matter mixed with soil

134
Q

stomach of the earthworm has ______
describe its function

A

calciferous glands

neutralise the humic acid present in humus

135
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: intestine segments

A

15 to last

136
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: 26th segment ``

A

a pair of short and conical intestinal caecae project from the intestine

137
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: the characteristic feature of intestine is present between which segments

A

26-35

138
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: characteristic feature of the intestine

A

internal median fold of the dorsal wall called typhlosole

139
Q

earthworms alimentary canal: typhlosole function

A

increases the effective area of absorption in the intestine

140
Q

earthworms alimentary canal opens to the exterior by

A

small rounded aperture=anus

141
Q

fate of the ingested organic rich soil

A

passes thru the digestive tract

digestive enzymes breakdown complex food into smaller absorbable units

simpler molecules absorbed thru intestinal membranes and are utilised

142
Q

Pheretima exhibits which type of blood vascular system

A

closed type

143
Q

pheretima’s blood vascular system consist of

A

blood vessels, capillaries and heart

144
Q

pheretima: blood is confined to

A

heart and blood vessels due to CCS

145
Q

in pheretima, contractions keep

A

blood circulating in one direction

146
Q

in pheretima, smaller blood vessels supply the

A

gut, nerve cord, body wall

147
Q

pheretima: blood glands are present in which segments

A

4,5,6

148
Q

pheretima: blood glands function

A

produce blood cells and haemoglobin which dissolves in blood plasma

149
Q

pheretims: blood cells are

A

phagocytic

150
Q

earthworms: respirationn

A

lack specialised breathing devises

resp. exchange thru moist body surface into their blood stream

151
Q

earthworm: excretory organs occur as

A

segmentally arranged coiled tubes called nephridia

152
Q

earthworm: 3 types of nephridia

A
  1. septal
  2. integumentary
  3. pharyngeal
153
Q

earthworm: septal nephridia are present on

A

both sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last that open into the intestine

154
Q

earthworm: integumentary nephridia

A

attached to the lining of body wall of segment 3 to the last that open on the body surface

155
Q

earthworm: pharyngeal nephridia

A

present as three paired tuffs
in 4,5,6th segment

156
Q

earthworm: all three types of nephridia are similar in

A

structure

157
Q

earthworm: function of nephridia

A

regulate the volume and composition of body fluids

158
Q

earthworm: nephridia functioning

A

nephredium starts out as a funnel

that collects excess fluid from the coelomic chamber

the funnel connects with the tubular part of the nephridium

which delivers the wastes through a pore to the surface in the body wall

into the digestive tube

159
Q

nervous system in earthworms in represented by

A

ganglia arranged segmentwise on the ventral paired nerve cord

160
Q

earthworm: describe its nerve ring

A

nerve cord in the anterior region

3rd and 4th segments

bifurcates

laterally encircling the pharynx

and joins the cerebral ganglia along with other nerves to form a nerve ring

161
Q

earthworm: function of the cerebral ganglia along with other nerves in the ring

A
  1. they integrate sensory input
  2. command muscular responses of the body
162
Q

earthworm: sensory system

A
  1. doesn’t have eyes
  2. possess light and touch sensitive organs(receptor cells)
    to distinguish light intensities and feel vibrations of the ground
  3. have specialised chemoreceptors-react to chem stimuli
163
Q

sensory organs in earthworms are found in

A

anterior parts of the worm

164
Q

(reproduction) earthworms are

A

hermaphrodite(bisexual)

testes and ovaries are present in the same individual

165
Q

male reproducitve parts of the earthworm

A
  1. two pair of testes
  2. vasa deferentia
  3. prostatic duct
  4. two pairs of accessory glands
  5. male genetal pores
166
Q

earthworm: the two pairs of testes are in which segments

A

10th and 11th

167
Q

earthworm:
their vasa deferentia run up to the _____the segment and join the _______

A

18
prostatic duct

168
Q

earthworm
which two ducts opens to the exterior by a pair of male genetal pores on the ventro-lateral side of 18th segment

A

prostrate and spermatic duct

169
Q

earthworm
what are located on the 6th-9th segment

A

four pairs of spermathecae

one pair in each segment

170
Q

earthworm
spermathecae function

A

receive and store spermatozoa during copulation

171
Q

parts of female reproductive system of earthworm

A
  1. one pair of ovaries
  2. ovarian funnels continues into
  3. oviduct
  4. female genital pore
172
Q

earthworm
position of the pair of ovaries

A

attached at the inter-segmental septum of 12th and 13th segments

173
Q

earthworm
where are ovarian funnels are present and where do they lead to

A

beneath the ovaries

continue into oviduct, join together and open on the ventral side as a single median f.g.pore on 14th segment

174
Q

mating of two worms

A

one worm finds the other worm

mate juxtaposing opposite gonadal opening

mutually exchanging packets of sperms called spermatophores

175
Q

earthworm cocoons are produced by

A

gland cells of clitellum

176
Q

earthworm cocoons has

A

deposited sperm and eggs
nutritive fluid

177
Q

what happens after earthworms mate

A

ova(eggs) are fertilised by sperm cells within the cocoon

then it slips off the worm and deposits in or on the soil

the cocoon holds the worm embryos

178
Q

earthworm: after abt _____ weeks, each cocoon produces _______

A

3

2-20 babyworms with an avg of 4

179
Q

development of earthworm is

A

direct-no larva formed

180
Q

uses of earthworms

A
  1. known as ‘friends of farmers’
    –make burrows in the soil and make it porous–help in respiration and penetration of the developing plant roots

increasing fertility of soil by earthworms=vermicomposting

  1. used as bait in game fishing
181
Q

usual color of cockroaches

A

brown or black bodied

182
Q

class and phylum of cockroaches

A

class: Insecta
Phylum: Arthropoda

183
Q

bright yellow, red or green cockroaches are found in

A

tropical regions

184
Q

cockroaches sizes

A

1/4 inch to 3 inches

0.6-7.6cm

185
Q

describe the body structure of cockroaches

A

long antenna, legs and flat extension of the upper body that conceals the head

186
Q

habit and habitat of cockroaches

A

nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places throughout the world

they have become residents of human homes-serious pests and vectors of several diseases

187
Q

scientific name: common species of cockroach

A

Periplaneta americana

188
Q

how long is the adult of the common species of cockroach

A

34-53mm

189
Q

adult males of P.americana have wings that

A

extend beyond the tip of the abdomen

190
Q

the cockroach’s body: 3 features

A
  1. segmented
  2. divisible in three distinct regions-head, thorax and abdomen
  3. the entire body is covered by a hard chitinous exoskeleton
191
Q

the color of the hard chitinous exoskeleton in cockroaches

A

brown

192
Q

cockroach: describe the exoskeleton

A
  1. in each segment, it has hardened plates called sclerites
  2. tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally
  3. sclerites are joined to each other by a thin, flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane)
193
Q

cockroach: describe the shape and position of the head

A

head is triangular in shape

lies anteriorly at right angles to the longitudinal body axis

194
Q

cockroach: head is formed by

A

the fusion of 6 segments

195
Q

cockroach: the head shows great mobility in all directions due to

A

flexible neck

196
Q

cockroach: head capsule bears

A
  1. a pair of compound eyes
  2. a pair of thread like antennae arise from membranous sockets lying in front of the eyes
197
Q

cockroach: antennae function

A

have sensory receptors-help in monitoring environment

198
Q

cockroach: anterior end of the head bears

A

appendages forming biting and chewing type of mouthparts

199
Q

cockroach: mouthparts

A

labrum(upper lip)
pair of mandibles
pair of maxillae
labium(lower lip)
hypopharynx

200
Q

cockroach: what is the hypopharynx and where is it

A

median flexible lobe-acts as a tongue-hypopharynx

lies within the cavity enclosed by the mouthparts

201
Q

cockroach thorax: features to elaborate on

A
  1. three parts
  2. the neck
  3. pair of walking legs
  4. forewings and hindwings origin
  5. forewings
  6. hindwings
202
Q

cockroach: three parts of thorax

A

prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax

203
Q

cockroach: neck is the ________. function?

A

short extension of prothorax

connects the head with the thorax

204
Q

cockroach: each thoraic bears a

A

pair of walking legs

205
Q

cockroach: forewings and hindwings origin

A

first pair of wings-forewings-(mesothoraic) arises from mesothorax

second pair-hindwings from metathorax

206
Q

cockroach: forewings
1. aka
2. transparency
3. texture
4. at rest

A
  1. tegmina
  2. opaque dark
  3. leathery
  4. cover the hindwings at rest
207
Q

cockroach: hindwings

A

transparent, membranous and used in flight

208
Q

cockroach: similar features in the abdomen in both males and females

A

consists of 10 segments

in both sexes, 10th segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci

209
Q

cockroach: in females, the ___th sternum is ____ and together with the ______ segment forms a ______/______

A

7

boatshaped

8th and 9th

brood/genital pouch

210
Q

cockroach: female brood

A

anterior part contains female gonophore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands.

211
Q

cockroach: genital pouch is aka

A

in females: brood
males: chamber

212
Q

cockroach: in males, where does the chamber lie?

A

at the hind end of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and ventrally by 9th sternum

213
Q

cockroach: what does the chamber in males consist of

A

dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and gonapophysis

214
Q

cockroach: feature of the abdomen that is present in males but not in females

A

short thread-like anal styles

215
Q

Anatomy of cockroach: 6 topics

A
  1. alimentary canal
  2. blood vascular
  3. respiratory
  4. excretory
  5. nervous
  6. reproductive
216
Q

alimentary canal of cockroach sequence of parts

A

foregut:

  1. mouth opens into
  2. short tubular pharynx, leading to a
  3. narrow tubular passage-oesophagus. This opens into a
  4. sac-like structure-crop. The crop is followed by
  5. gizzard/proventriculus
  6. At the junction of foregut and midgut is the hepatic/gastric caecae

midgut

  1. at the junction of midgut and hindgut: malphigian tubules

hindgut:
8. hindgut-differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum
9. rectum opens out thru anus

217
Q

cockroach: alimentary canal is present in the _______

A

body cavity

218
Q

cockroach: alimentary canal is divided into 3 regions

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

219
Q

what is the function of the crop in the alimentary canal of cockroach?

A

store food

220
Q

describe the outer and inner layer of the gizzard in the alimentary canal of cockroach?

A

outer layer of thick circular muscles

thick inner cuticle forming 6 chitinous plate called teeth

221
Q

function of the gizzard in the alimentary canal of cockroach?

A

grinding food particles

222
Q

the entire foregut of cockroach is lined by

A

cuticle

223
Q

the hepatic or gastric caecae in cockroach is a ring of

A

6-8 blind tubules

224
Q

function of the hepatic caecae in cockroach

A

secrete digestive juice

225
Q

cockroach: what helps in the removal of excretory products from haemolymph

A

ring of 100-150 yellow colored, thin and filamentous malphigian tubules

226
Q

cockroach: which is broader? hindgut or midgut

A

hindgut

227
Q

blood vascular system in cockroach?

A

open type

228
Q

cockroach: blood vessels are _______ and open into space(_____).

A

poorly developed

haemocoel

229
Q

cockroach: visceral organs in haemocoel is bathed in

A

blood/haemolymph

230
Q

cockroach: haemolymph composition

A

colorless plasma and haemocytes

231
Q

heart of cockroach consists of

A

elongated muscular tube lying in the mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen

232
Q

heart of the cockroach is differentiated into

A

funnel shaped chambers with ostia on either side

233
Q

flow of blood in cockroach

A

blood from sinuses enter heart through ostia and is pumped anteriorly into sinuses again

234
Q

cockroach: respiratory system consists of ________ that open through

A

network of trachea

10 pairs of small holes called spiracles

235
Q

cockroach: spiracles are present on which side

A

lateral

236
Q

cockroach: what carries oxygen from air to all the parts

A

thin branching tubes: tracheal tubes subdivided tracheoles

237
Q

cockroach: opening of spiracles is regulated by

A

sphincters

238
Q

cockroach:where and how does the exchange of gases takes place

A

at the tracheoles by diffusion

239
Q

cockroach: excretion is performed by

A

malphigian tubules

240
Q

cockroach: malphigian tubules

each tubule is lined by?

A

glandular and ciliated cells

241
Q

cockroach: why are they called uricotelic

A

malphigian tubules absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert into uric acid—excreted thru hindgut

242
Q

cockroach: other parts that help in excretion

A

fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands

243
Q

cockroach: nervous system consists of

A

a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives on the ventral side

244
Q

cockroach: how many ganglia in the
1. thorax
2. abdomen

A

3, 6

245
Q

cockroach: spread of the nervous system

A

throughout the body

246
Q

why can cockroaches still live for up to a week if the head is cut off

A

head holds a bit of the nervous system while the rest is situated in the ventral/belly side part

247
Q

cockroach: in the head region, the brain is represented by

A

supra-oesophageal ganglion

248
Q

cockroach: the brain supplied nerves to

A

antennae and compound eyes

249
Q

5 sense organs of cockroach

A

antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci etc

250
Q

cockroach: compound eyes are situiated in

A

dorsal surface of the head

251
Q

cockroach: each eye consists of

A

abt 2000 hexagonal ommatidia

252
Q

how do cockroaches achieve mosaic vision

A

with the help of several ommatidia a cockroach can receive several images of an object

253
Q

mosaic vision in cockroach has more ____ but less ____, being common during _____(nocturnal vision)

A

sensitivity, resolution, night

254
Q

cockroaches are _________ and both sexes have well developed __________

A

dioceous, reproductive organs

255
Q

describe the male reproductive system in cockroaches (8 points)

A
  1. pair of testes lying one on each lateral side in the 4-6th abdominal segments
  2. from each testis arises a thin vas deferens
  3. which open into the ejaculatory duct
  4. through seminal vesicle
  5. ejaculatory duct opens into male gonopore situated ventral to anus
  6. characteristic mushroom shaped gland in the 6-7th ab.segment -functions as an accessory reproductive gland
  7. external genitalia represented by male gonapophysis/phallomere –chitinous assymetrical structures surrounding the male gonopore
  8. sperms are stored in seminal vesicles and are glued together in the form of bundles called spermatophores which are discharged during copulation
256
Q

describe the female reproductive system in cockroaches (5 points)

A
  1. consists of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2-6th abd. segments
  2. each ovary is formed by a group of 8 OVARIAN TUBULES OR OVARIOLES, containing a chain of developing ova
  3. OVIDUCTS of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct aka vagina
  4. which opens into genital chamber
  5. pair of spermatheca present in the 6th segment, also opens into the genital chamber
257
Q

cockroach: sperms are transferred through

A

spermatophores

258
Q

fertilised egg of cockroaches are encased in _____ called _____

A

capsules, oothecae

259
Q

cockroach: oothecae
1.color
2. length

A

dark reddish to blackish brown capsule

abt 3/8 ‘’ (8mm long)

260
Q

cockroach: oothecae habit

A

dropped or glued to a suitable surface usually in a crack/crevice of HIGH HUMIDITY near a food source

261
Q

on average, how many oothecae do female cockroaches produce and how many eggs do each contain

A

9-10 oothecae, each having 14-16 eggs

262
Q

development of P.americana is ____________. Explain.

A

parametabolous

there’s development through nymphal stage

263
Q

cockroach nymphs: features

A
  1. look v. much like adults
  2. grows by moulting abt 13 times to reach adult form
  3. next to last nymphal stage has wing pads but only adults have wings
264
Q

economic importance of cockroaches?

A

many species-wild and no ec. importance

265
Q

why are cockroaches pests

A

destroy food and contaminate it with their smelly excreta

transmit a variety of bacterial diseases by contaminating food material

266
Q

frogs habitat

A

both on land and in freshwater

267
Q

frogs: class and phlyum

A

Class Amphibia
Phylum Chordata

268
Q

most common species of frog in India

A

Rana tigrina

269
Q

frogs do not have constant body temp-varies with that of environment. They are ______

A

cold-blooded/poikilotherms

270
Q

frogs have the ability to camouflage. This protective coloration is called

A

mimicry

271
Q

frogs are not seen during which seasons? why?

A

peak summer and winter

during this period they take shelter in deep burrows to protect them from extreme heat and cold. Summer sleep=aestivation. Winter sleep=hibernation

272
Q

the skin of the frog is _____and________ due to the presence of ______.
The skin is always mainatained in a _______ condition

A

smooth and slippery
mucus
moist

273
Q

color of dorsal and ventral side of a frog

A

dorsal: generally olive green with dark irregular spots
ventral: uniformly pale yellow

274
Q

how do frogs get water

A

never drink but absorb it thru their skin

275
Q

body of frogs are divisible into ____ and ____. A _____ and _____ are absent

A

head, trunk
neck, tail

276
Q

what’s present above the mouth of frogs

A

pair of nostrils

277
Q

frogs eyes are _____ and are covered by ________________ that protects them while in _____

A

bulged
nictitating membrane
water

278
Q

how do frogs receive sound signals

A

thru membranous tryphanum(Ear) on either side of the eye

279
Q

frog: forelimbs and hindlimbs help in

A

swimming, walking, leaping and burrowing

280
Q

frog: hind limbs and forelimbs features

A

hindlimbs:
1. end in 5 digits
2. larger and muscular than forelimbs

forelimbs:
end in 4 digits

both: feet have webbed digits that help in swimming

281
Q

frogs exhibit ______

A

sexual dimorphism

male frogs have
1. sound producing vocal sacs and a
2. copulatory pad on the first digit of the fore limbs

which are absent in females

282
Q
A
283
Q
A

biology (4 decks)

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